GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“上一篇,我们进行了GMAT IR部分的扫盲,并介绍了表格题和图表题两种题型。这一篇中,我们将会介绍IR中剩下的两类题型:two parts 和 multi-sources题。 two partstwo parts这种题目,在IR中,主要有两种考察形式,一种主要考察数学能力,另一种则主要考察逻辑推理能力。
所谓Two-parts,只不过是选择答案的方式变为了一种“双纵坐标”的方式——同一组答案要成为两个不同维度问题的答案,而每一个维度只能选择一个正确答案。但本质上,这和做两次“选项完全相同,但题干不同”的选择题没有区别。 1考察逻辑推理对于考察逻辑推理的题目,你只需把这道题当作一道Verbal部分中的CR题看待。题目会如同CR一样,先给出一段材料。 举个例子1Swamp sparrows live in a variety of wetland habitats. Unlike most swamp sparrows, which live in freshwater habitats, the coastal-plain subspecies lives in tidal wetlands, where freshwater and seawater mix and the mud is gray rather than brown. Coastal-plain swamp sparrows differ from all other populations of swamp sparrows in having plumage that is gray brown rather than rusty brown. DNA analysis indicates several important genetic differences between swamp sparrows that inhabit tidal marshes and other subspecies of swamp sparrows. Therefore there must have been genetic-selection pressure on swamp sparrows in tidal marshes to become darker and grayer.
Select Strengthen for the statement that would, if true, most strengthen the argument, and select Weaken for the statement that would, if true, most weaken the argument. Make only two seletions, one in each column. 本题比较像逻辑题,原文给出一段内容,然后给出五个选项,其中Therefore 后是结论:There must have been genetic-selection pressure on swamp sparrows in tidal marshes to become darker and grayer. 前文是原因:Several important genetic differences between swamp sparrows that inhabit tidal marshes and other subspecies of swamp sparrows. 由此我们可以得出文章的逻辑链: genetic differences ➡ genetic-selection pressure on swamp sparrows in tidal marshes to become darker and grayer 有了类似于CR中的逻辑链,我们来逐一分析每个选项:A: None of the genetic differences & affect plumage color 本选项讲述这些基因的不同没有影响颜色变化的,这大大削弱了原文结论成立的原因,因为原文的结论就是在解释基因和颜色的原因,所以这里极大的weaken了原文。B: Mud in tidal marshes tends to be grayish 泥土对于颜色有影响属于另外的原因,虽然削弱了因为genetic-selection pressure而颜色更深这个推理过程,但并不如A直接。C: Some species of birds that live in tidal marshes do not have gray plumage 本选项强调一生活在tidal marshes的鸟类颜色并没有更灰,但这个超出了文章所讨论的对象范围,所以即使是削弱,也是非常弱的削弱。D: The diets属于一个新的原因,但对原文没有加强和削弱的作用。E: on an identical diet 减少了因为其他原因对出现颜色变化可能,排除外因,相当于更加证明了基因对于颜色的影响,从而极大加强了原文的说法。 综上所述,第一个选项是most weaken原文的,而最后一个选项是most strengthen的。 你会发现,上面的这篇文章,虽然看起来“很长很复杂”。但是实际核心的逻辑链非常简单:即基因影响了颜色。而错误选项的特征往往只谈论了颜色,或只谈论了基因,正确选项普遍从两个方向都同时论述了问题。所以,一个看似复杂的two parts逻辑题,在逻辑层面却非常简单,只是“纸老虎”。 2考察数学考数学能力的文章,最普遍的考法是通过一个公式,找出两个纵坐标变量相互的对应关系。 这种题目,往往需要你通过把原文叙述的文字转换成公式化的表达,然后想法设法通过数学简化的方式把公式简化为最简。最后一步则比较简单,将选项里对应的数值代入公式检验即可。 举个例子2Loan X has a principal of $10,000x and a yearly simple interest rate of 4%. Loan Y has a principal of $10,000y and a yearly simple interest rate of 8%. Loans X and Y will be consolidated to form Loan Z with a principal of $(10,000x + 10,000y) and a yearly simple interest rate of r%, where In the table, select a value for x and a value for y corresponding to a yearly simple interest rate of 5% for the consolidated loan. Make only two selections, one in each column. 计算:根据r的公式进行变化得到5(x+y)=4x+8y➡️ x=3y直接将数值进行带入,符合要求的两个数值直接被选择即可。比如y=21,则x=63 没有符合要求的答案,不可以。如果y=32,则x=96,发现有同时符合要求的数字,所以x选择96,y选择32即可。 multi-sources题多源推理题,主要考察考生读文章和读图后的综合推理能力。 很多同学在做IR时的策略,是有意的跳过多元推理(因为觉得这部分需要阅读的内容过长)。但霞姐却并不建议这么做。 因为,虽然多源推理的题干很长,但是一个题目往往跟随了多个小题(3到4道),只要你读懂了题目,后面的题目基本都会处于一种“秒杀”的状态。平均下来,你在每道题上花费的时间并不会多于其它题。 因此,多源推理题的命门就是“阅读速度”。如何在有限时间内,从很多繁杂信息中提炼有用的信息,成为了你解决此类题目的关键。 举个例子 上面的图片只是让大家熟悉一下这类题目的“形”,具体的内容其实就是三段文字:Techniques Island Museum analyzes historical artifacts using one or more techniques described below—all but one of which is performed by an outside laboratory—to obtain specific information about an object's creation. For each type of material listed, the museum uses only the technique described: Animal teeth or bones: The museum performs isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in-house to determine the ratios of chemical elements present, yielding dues as to the animal's diet and the minerals in its water supply.Metallic ores or alloys: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used to determine the ratios of traces of metallic isotopes present, which differ according to where the sample was obtained. Plant matter: While they are living, plants absorb carbon-14, which decays at a predictable rate after death; thus radiocarbon dating is used to estimate a plant's date of death. Fired-clay objects: Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is used to provide an estimate of the time since clay was fired to create the object.
Artifacts Island Museum has acquired a collection of metal, fired clay, stone, bone, and wooden artifacts found on the Kaxna Islands, and presumed to be from the Kaxna Kingdom of 1250-850 BC. Researchers have mapped all the mines, quarries, and sources of clay on Kaxna and know that wooden artifacts of that time were generally created within 2 years after tree harvest. There is, however, considerable uncertainty as to whether these artifacts were actually created on Kaxna. In analyzing these artifacts, the museum assumes that radiocarbon dating is accurate to approximately ±200 years and TL dating is accurate to approximately ±100 years.
Budget For outside laboratory tests, the museum's first-year budget for the Kaxna collection allows unlimited IRMS testing, and a total of S7, 000 — equal to the cost of 4TL tests plus 15 radiocarbon tests, or the cost of 40 ICP-MS tests — for all other tests. For each technique applied by an outside lab, the museum is charged a fixed price per artifact. 你会发现一道多源推理题的阅读量堪比一篇阅读了。可是这很难吗?并不是。 要知道,多源题一般都会跟随3个小题,而对于整个IR部分,你有30分钟的时间去做12个小题,即你有7分多钟去做一道多源题。而在GMAT的Verbal部分,你做一道有三个小题的阅读题也仅仅只有7分钟的时间。更何况,多源题虽然篇幅长,阅读难度远远不如Verbal部分的阅读。 让我们来分步提炼一下上面三段的信息:Techniques Island Museum analyzes historical artifacts using one or more techniques described below—all but one of which is performed by an outside laboratory—to obtain specific information about an object's creation. For each type of material listed, the museum uses only the technique described: Animal teeth or bones: The museum performs isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in-house to determine the ratios of chemical elements present, yielding dues as to the animal's diet and the minerals in its water supply.Metallic ores or alloys: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used to determine the ratios of traces of metallic isotopes present, which differ according to where the sample was obtained. Plant matter: While they are living, plants absorb carbon-14, which decays at a predictable rate after death; thus radiocarbon dating is used to estimate a plant's date of death. Fired-clay objects: Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is used to provide an estimate of the time since clay was fired to create the object. 梳理techniques知识Island博物馆使用下面描述的一种或者更多方法来研究历史手工艺品以获得其具体的制造信息。这些方法只有除了其中一种之外,其余的都需要在外部实验室进行动物牙齿或者骨头:博物馆自己可以使用IRMS方法来确定化学成分的比例金属:(ICP-MS)植物残留:Radiocarbon Dating火泥:(TL) dating Artifacts Island Museum has acquired a collection of metal, fired clay, stone, bone, and wooden artifacts found on the Kaxna Islands, and presumed to be from the Kaxna Kingdom of 1250-850 BC. Researchers have mapped all the mines, quarries, and sources of clay on Kaxna and know that wooden artifacts of that time were generally created within 2 years after tree harvest. There is, however, considerable uncertainty as to whether these artifacts were actually created on Kaxna. In analyzing these artifacts, the museum assumes that radiocarbon dating is accurate to approximately ±200 years and TL dating is accurate to approximately ±100 years. 梳理Artifacts信息:1) K 岛上发现1250 ‐ 850 BC 的古文物2) 不确定古文物是否在 K 岛被制造3) RC 精度: 200 年4) TL 精度: 100 年 Budget For outside laboratory tests, the museum's first-year budget for the Kaxna collection allows unlimited IRMS testing, and a total of S7, 000 — equal to the cost of 4TL tests plus 15 radiocarbon tests, or the cost of 40 ICP-MS tests — for all other tests. For each technique applied by an outside lab, the museum is charged a fixed price per artifact.梳理Budget信息:1) IRMS无限2) Budget = 7000 = 4TL+15RC= 40IC 梳理完以后,我们来看看对应的题目。 1. For each of the following artifacts in the museum's Kaxna collection, select Yes if, based on the museum's assumptions, a range of dates for the object's creation can be obtained using one of the techniques in the manner described. Otherwise, select No.对于下面提到的博物馆的Kaxna 系列艺术品,问题要求我们判断能否确定各古文物的制造时间范围。如果可以判断请选择yes,如果无法判断请选择no。解决问题:本题需要定位Artifacts内容卡下所述有年份估计精度的方法:RC和TL,之后我们在Techniques内容卡下找RC与TL对应的古文物分别是:植物和火泥;因此答案为:No, Yes, Yes。 2. For each of the following results of tests performed on Kaxna artifacts, select Yes if, based on the museum's assumptions, the result confirms that the artifact was created during the time of the Kaxna Kingdom. Otherwise, select No.对于Kaxna 系列艺术品的测试结果,如果基于博物馆的前提,这个结果是否可以确定这个艺术品是在Kaxna王国时期被创造的。本题的问题的核心是:是否可以确定下列的这些艺术品是不是在Kaxna王国时期被制造的,即本题也在要求我们确定具体的时间精准度,在原文的artifacts内容卡中我们发现只有两种方法可以帮助确定时间精准度,分别是:RC和TL,同时我们在Techniques内容卡下找RC与TL对应的古文物分别是:植物和火泥; 所以可以确定的应该是:用RC方法确定出结果的植物或者用TL方法确定出来结果的火泥。结合上面三个选项,只有第二个可以确定。 所以答案是: No, Yes, No这里可以发现:第二题和第一题考察点是一模一样的。 3. For each of the following combinations of Kaxna artifacts, select Yes if, based on the information provided, the cost of all pertinent techniques described can be shown to be within the museum's first-year Kaxna budget. Otherwise, select No.判断以下古文物组合所需要的测试花费是否在预算之内。问题解答:我们在Budget内容卡下找相关信息,即Budget=7000=4TL+15RC=40IC,也就是最多4件火泥加15件木器,或40件金属。我们还可以算出,一个IC的价格是7000/40=175 第一项:2个火泥件+10个金属件<7000/2+175*10=5250,在预算内。第二项:3个火泥件+5个金属件<7000*3/4+175*5=6125,在预算之内。第三项:4个火泥件+20个木件>4个火泥件+15个木件,超出预算。我们发现只有第三个选项超过预算,因此答案为:正确答案 Yes, Yes, No ` 4. For each of the following combinations of Kaxna artifacts, select Yes if, based on the information provided, the cost of all pertinent techniques described can be shown to be within the museum's first-year Kaxna budget. Otherwise, select No.判断以下古文物组合所需要的测试花费是否在预算之内。问题解答:
我们在Budget内容卡下找相关信息,即Budget=7000=4TL+15RC=40IC,
第一项:2个骨件使用IRMS无限制,但是5件火泥>4件火泥,通过原文,我们只知道4个火泥是在预算内的,但5个我们则无法确定。第二项:7个木件+20个金属件<15RC/2+40IC/2<7000/2+7000/2=7000,在预算之内。第三项:15个木件装饰着骨头,15个木件在预算之内,骨头无预算,所以在预算之内。因此答案为:No, Yes, Yes 5. Among the Kaxna artifacts is a wooden box containing both a small fired-clay bead and some river sediment containing clay and plant matter. Based on the museum's assumptions, which one of the following details about the bead can be determined by applying one of the tests in the manner described?A. A range of dates for its manufactureB. The Kaxna island on which it was madeC. Vegetation patterns near the workshop where it was madeD. A range of dates for its placement in the boxE. The source of clay used to make the bead题干信息提炼:本题提到艺术品中间有一个木盒子,包含成分:火泥+植物 解决问题:根据文中信息:在Techniques内容卡下发现植物和火泥对应的方法是RC与TL。现只有两种方法可以帮助确定时间精准度:RC和TL。所以很快的知道正确答案是必须是和时间相关的。所以正确答案选择A选项。 6. Which one of the following pieces of information would, on its own, provide the strongest evidence that the given artifact was actually produced on Kaxna?A. A radiocarbon date of 1050 BC for a wooden bowlB. IRMS analysis of a necklace made from animal bones and teethC. A TL date for a fired-clay brick that places it definitively in the period of the Kaxna KingdomD. ICP-MS analysis of a metal tool that reveals element ratios unique to a mine on KaxnaE. Determination that a stone statue was found near a quarry known to produce stone statues during the Kaxna Kingdom解决问题:这是一道典型的Critical Reasoning的加强题,解题思路与传统逻辑题一致,即正确选项能够使“古文物被制造于Kaxna”结论最有可能成立。根据题干的关键词“produced”,可以定位Artifacts内容卡下的第一段文字,发现文中已明确说明:虽然在K上发现了古文物,但仍无法确定其是否被制造与K。所以选项必须能够明确的表明文物是在Kaxna岛上被制造的。A选项:只能确定时间,无法确定生产地点。B选项:IRMS这种方法如果大家结合之前的内容发现这个方法无法确定具体时间,只能确定化学成分,然后确定化学成分并无法明确这东西就是在这里生产的。C选项:确定的是时间,无法确定生产地点。D选项:在文物中发现了只有Kaxna岛才有的成分,正确。E选项:完全无关的信息。 至此,IR部分的题型我们全部介绍完毕。最后,霞姐再次强调一下对待IR这个版块的复习方法和处理技巧:善于利用机经,扎实的提高自己V和Q的基础,开始做的题要力求拿分,放弃时要果断。最后你定能击败IR这只看似可怕的纸老虎。 |跟霞姐学:点击下方图片了解微信学习小组▲ | 5天免费学习霞姐的思维路径魔范营▲ | 在北京,与霞姐面对面 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 “Gary,Why?”是啥?“Gary,Why?”是“霞姐GMAT”的联合创作者Gary谈论的一些心得体会。如果说“霞姐GMAT”的目的是为了让大家更简单的看破GMAT考试的知识点,“Gary,Why”则是通过搜集一些GMAT或GRE学习者最常见的困惑,从问题出发,用回答探讨关于学习方法的本质问题。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录; 三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。