GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“主谓一致是GMAT语法最高频的考点之一,在一次真实考试中,这个考点经常会出现三次以上。 主谓一致,顾名思义,就是主语和谓语作为一个“配套”的出现,要达到某些方面“一致性”。而GMAT考查这个语法点的方向也非常的明确,简要来说就是两点:其一,能不能准确找到主语到底是谁?其二,谓语到底是单数还是复数?其中,第二点不是我们应该注重的问题。在你漫长的中学英语学习中,你应该不止一次地训练过谓语单复数。同时,只要你对某些天生就是“陷阱”又可以作为主语的名词,如“diabetes,draughts”一类(本是单数,但长得非常像复数),有一个系统化的识记,在谓语动词单复数的选择上大部分人是没有问题的。 所以我们的问题集中在了对第一点的突破:寻找“真主”。 那么,我们怎样锤炼出在任何场景下都能非常准确地找到主语的能力呢?请大家跟着霞姐一起回想,我们在霞姐GMAT语法的句子架构之句子成分篇里,特别强调一点:只有名词性质的内容可以充当主语。 首先,我们来换位思考一下,如果你是GAMC的命题人,想在主谓一致这个问题上对一个正确的句子“做手脚”,让大家很难找到真正的主语,你会怎么做? 这种做法我们在前面的讲解中就已经领略过——把简单的句子复杂化——他们会用很多“修饰语”包围真正的主语,而修饰语本身就包含了很多名词性质的成分。在茫茫词海中,找到“真主”并非易事。 所以,主谓一致在任何场景下的本质都是:删除修饰语,找出主语。 接下来,霞姐就将带你把主谓一致可能的场景全部钻研一遍。 就前原则1“名词1 +介词+ 名词2”结构作主语我们在句子成分篇里特别提到“介词+n ”这种形式。介词短语属于修饰语,在语法架构中可以直接删掉。所以,以上这个形式被删减以后就应该是“名词1”。举个例子The number of Molistudy users is 100000. The number 是名词放在句首做主语,不能删减,“of Molistudy users” 介词短语做主语the number 的修饰语,所以谓语动词跟主语the number 一致,使用单数形式。 The details of Moli adaptive learning algorithm are complicate. The details 放在句首是该句子的主语,“of Moli adaptive learning algorithm” 是介词短语修饰主语,谓语动词和主语一致,使用复数形式。 所以,在这里,问题的核心还是回归到判断修饰语的能力。形容词,副词,介词短语永远是修饰语,不可能做主语。就前原则中主语在谓语之前,但是主语有修饰语进行干扰,只要准确地将修饰语删掉,即可看清楚主语真面目。 特别说明我们先来看这样一个句子,判断它的谓语动词应该使用单数还是复数?A line of trees _____ alongside the road.如前面我们已经讲到的,在这个句子中a line是名词,“of trees”介词短语做line的修饰语,所以真正的主语是a line,那么谓语动词应该使用单数形式 is。类似的A group of Sister Xia’s fans ____ waiting outside.这里仍然要使用单数is。 我教过的很多学生,他们在中学时代被老师灌输了一些错误的语法概念,对于a group of sths这种形式,很多人脑海中的直觉是就应该用复数。也许你今天在这样一个特别的板块下,感觉我强调的这个易错点是“很弱的”,但在实际考试中你仍然有极大的概率忽略这个易错点。我教的学生在这个问题上一而再、再而三地跌倒时,请原谅我重复啰嗦地强调一下这个问题。 下面这个例子可以进一步强化这个问题。学以致用1An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000 . A.project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 andB.project an average global warming to be from 1.8 toC.project global warming that will average between 1.8 andD.projects global warming to average from 1.8 toE.projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and用思维标签先来看选项的不同:An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000 . A.project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 andB.project an average global warming to be from 1.8 toC.project global warming that will average between 1.8 andD.projects global warming to average from 1.8 toE.projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案主语是名词group,所以谓语动词应该使用单数形式。3结论ABC选项错。 当然,这里还得看一下“搭配”才能做一个后续的选择。An international group of more than 2,000 scientists project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000 . A.project an average global warming that will be between 1.8 andB.project an average global warming to be from 1.8 toC.project global warming that will average between 1.8 andD.projects global warming to average from 1.8 toE.projects an average global warming of between 1.8 and1思维标签搭配2解决方案from…to…结构暗示从1.8到6.3的所有值,而平均值只是其中一个值,所以使用between…and比较合适传递出只是介于1.8到6.3之间的某一个值。3结论选择E更贴切。 虚假特例我们先来看一个例子:All of the GMAT XIA readers ____ smart. 请问这里谓语动词应该使用复数形式are还是单数形式is? 聪明如你,本部分的章节名就叫“虚假特例”,所以你肯定不会笨到觉得这道题的谓语是用单数的,当然是使用“are”。 好,回答正确,但是问题我们还没有解决,下一个问题是,你觉得这个句子的“真主”到底是什么, “all”还是“readers”? 这时的你可能就迷茫了,于是就开始了我最不愿意看到的方式:瞎猜。 如果你认为,在这里的主语是“all”, 那么我们再看一个例子:All of the time _______ occupied by GMAT XIA. 这个句子的谓语处应该填入are还是is? 所有人凭借感觉都会认为是is,因为这么多年英语学习的本能告诉你应该填入is。也正确,但是我的问题还是没有解决,这个句子的主语又是谁呢?“all” 还是 “time”? 这时,我们只用对比来看这两个句子:All of the GMAT XIA readers are smart. All of the time is occupied by GMAT XIA. 所以,通过以上两个例子,我们很自然的就会发现,all在这两个句子中肯定不是主语,这两个句子的主语都是名词readers和time。 很多人会觉得,以上两个句子的形式明明和刚刚讲到的“名词1+介词+名词“的形式一致,怎么现在又变了呢? 问题就在于,all在这里并不是一个名词。“all“表示“所有的”,“all of”是一个形容词结构,形容词不能做主语,只能修饰后面的名词,所以名词才是真正的主语。 当然,细心的同学会发现,all也是可以做代词的。比如,英语老师在上课时会说:All stand up please。这里all指代的是全班同学,是一个名词成分。但在GMAT考试中,你可以毫不犹豫的这样记住:all在口语中可以用作代词,但是在GMAT语法的严格书面语言中,all只要被考察,就一定是形容词。 类似all,我们再来看一个句子The rest of the students are awarded by Sister Xia. 这里rest是形容词“其余的”,the rest of是形容词结构,修饰名词。 既然此处已经提到了all,我也顺便提一下另外一个关于all的高频考点。在独立主格的时候,会考察all可不可以作独立主格的逻辑主语, all作为形容词是不可以。具体详情我们会在后续的独立主格篇中专门解释。 真实特例所谓真实的“特例”,就是说,有一些情况,真的就是“名词1+介词+名词2”这种形式,但处理方式也有不同。例如下面这个句子:A number of students have dropped out the Moliclass program。 在这个句子里,虽然“a number”是名词的成分,但是 a number of却形成了一个形容词词组, 真正的主语是其后面的复数名词。谓语动词使用复数形式。这和我们前面提到的“The number of”后面跟单数的情况完全不同。 为了防止你对这类特例问题心中“没谱”,我根据历届GMAT考试考察的情况,发现如果要考察这个“特例”情况的话,只需要注意三个词:number, proportion,percentage关于后两个单词,我们给出一组例句加深你的理解。 The proportion of studentsis dropped. A proportion of students are dropped.“A proportion of” 在这里充当形容词词组“一部分的”。The percentage of female studentsis 20%.A percentage of students are dropped.“A percentage of” 在这里充当形容词词组“一定比例的”。 最后,我们简单地提炼一下以上我所讲解的要点:·任何时候“形容词,副词,介词短语永远是修饰语,不可以作主语”,·形容词词组一出现,就是高频的易错点,如all of; the rest of; a number of等。 2名词+逗号+插入语+逗号+verb这是一种特别的句子架构类型。在这里,霞姐先帮大家理解一下这种句子架构的固定规则,然后再通过具体例子深入了解。规则1:名词放在句首作主语,主语之后打逗号是因为有插入语规则2:根据句子架构的规则要求,第二个逗号后必须给出谓语动词。所以,谓语动词要和主语一致,一定不要被插入语干扰。 我们再看一个例子:Sister Xia, in spite of her age, is still charming. 这个句子中,“霞姐”是句子的主语,两个逗号中间是插入语,可以直接删掉,所以谓语动词要用单数。 当然,实际考试的情况会比上面的句子复杂得多。首先,GMAC老头会加上一堆修饰语,让你的判断变得模糊;其次,插入语本身就可能包含考点,让你陷入一种混乱。但请记住,插入语的考点永远也不会影响到你对主谓一致的判断,你在做一道题的时候应该把考点拆开去看。 学以致用2Diabetes , together with its serious complications , ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed only by heart disease and cancer . A. ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed onlyB. rank as the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedC. has the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedD. are the nation's third leading causes of death , surpassed onlyE. have been ranked as the nation's third leading causes of death , only surpassed首先还是看选项的不同Diabetes , together with its serious complications , ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed only by heart disease and cancer . A. ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed onlyB. rank as the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedC. has the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedD. are the nation's third leading causes of death , surpassed onlyE. have been ranked as the nation's third leading causes of death , only surpassed1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案主语diabetes是单数名词,所以谓语动词应该是单数3结论选项BDE错。 当然,这里要得出正确的答案,还需要结合“only”的考点,后续我们会详细讲解。Diabetes , together with its serious complications , ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed only by heart disease and cancer . A. ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death , surpassed onlyB. rank as the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedC. has the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death , only surpassedD. are the nation's third leading causes of death , surpassed onlyE. have been ranked as the nation's third leading causes of death , only surpassed1思维标签2解决方案only的修饰对象不要发生变化3结论选择A 这里,我们就果真看到了“diabetes”这样的迷惑词,它的意思是“糖尿病”。但如果你的词汇基础不够好,碰到这类单词就会误以为它们是复数形式。以下的列表是一些容易出错的“diabetes”类单词,方便你在备考时集中复习。news(新闻) mathematics(数学)phonetics(语音学)physics(物理学)optics (光学)politics(政治)acoustics(声学)economics(经济学)electronics(电子学)ethnics(伦理学)statistics(统计学)mechanics(力学、机械学)aerodynamics(空气动力学)aeronautics(航空学)genetics(遗传学)linguistics(语言学)logistics(后勤学) obstetrics(产科学)thermodynamics(热力学)aids(艾滋病)arthritis (关节炎)appendicitis (阑尾炎)diabetes(糖尿病)mumps(腮腺炎)bronchitis(支气管炎)measles(麻疹) rabies(狂犬病)rickets(佝偻病)shingles(带状胞疹)syphilis(梅毒)bends (潜水病)acrobatics(杂技) athletics (体育运动)billiards(台球)cards(打纸牌)(投票游戏)draughts(国际跳棋)skittles(撞柱游戏) 3名词+doing /done 这里的doing 和done 是分词结构紧跟名词之后作修饰语。我们在以前的学习中,把分词结构分为现在分词doing和过去分词done。而在作名词修饰语的时候,分词只有一个区别: doing表主动,而done表被动。doing修饰名词要求名词必须是动作发出者。done修饰名词表明名词是动作的接受者。例如,Students studying on Molistudyare female. Students taught by Sister Xiaare female.需要注意的是,分词结构修饰名词的时候,位置可以是多样化的:既可以放在句首作状语,也可以放在主语和谓语之间作插入语,还可以紧跟名词之后作后置定语。 学以致用3Often incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave , a tsunami , a seismic sea wave that can reach speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, is caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions . A. speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, isB. speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, are1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案a tsunami为单数名词,所以谓语动词应该使用单数形式。3结论选择A 倒装原则倒装算是英语中一个难度层次较高的表达方式,它把英语这门语言变得更加灵活。很多初学者面临倒装的时候都会有一种莫名的慌乱,这跟霞姐初学语法的状态一样,因为在学生时代的学习中,一碰到倒装问题我也总是出错,自己在平时的写作中,也很少去多样化地使用倒装。 而在GMAT的语法考试中,你大可不必如此慌乱。因为倒装句的考点在SC题中非常的单一,就只有主谓一致,所以你的工作还是回归到了寻找“真主”。 首先,我们来看看倒装的基本形态。从本质上来讲:倒装结构就是指,在谓语之前你并找不到主语,反而主语是紧跟在谓语后的名词。 比如下面这个例句,就是很多人在英语学习中遇到的第一个倒装句 Here comes the bus .形容词,副词,介词短语永远是修饰语,不可能做主语,所以here可删去。 所以,所有倒装结构的架构都是:adj /adv /介词短语+ verb+主语我们将通过例题来熟悉倒装的考点。 学以致用4Among the emotions on display in the negotiating room were anger for repeatedly raising the issue over and over again . A. wereB. was我们用路径思维来逐步剖析这个倒装句。Among the emotions on display in the negotiating roomwere anger for repeatedly raising the issue over and over again . A. wereB. was1思维标签介词短语2解决方案此处三个介词短语都是修饰语,可删去Among the emotions on display in the negotiating room were anger for repeatedly raising the issue over and over again . A. wereB. was1思维标签动词2解决方案谓语动词前面没有出现主语,为倒装结构。Among the emotions on display in the negotiating room wereanger for repeatedly raising the issue over and over again . A. wereB. was1思维标签主语2解决方案倒装结构的主语是紧跟谓语之后的名词,所以主语是anger,谓语动词应该使用单数形式。3结论选BAmong the emotions on display in the negotiating room were anger for repeatedly raising the issue over and over again . A. wereB. was1思维标签介词短语22解决方案介词结构for doing在此处“表原因”。 学以致用5The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets. A. the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern andB. with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the C. with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and the首先原文句子架构属于SVO, doing. 此处bringing动作发出者是原句主语,此处为伴随状语。 It指代的是empire。后面的which要就近指代script。 1思维标签倒装2解决方案从定语从句内部来看,A选项定语从句内部属于典型的倒装结构,from which是介宾结构不能作主语,紧跟出现谓语动词,那么真主就是紧跟其后的名词,为alphabets是复数,谓语动词不可以使用单数,另外字母表起源是主动发出,不用被动语态。3结论排除AThe Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets. B. with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the C. with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and the1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案从句主语是alphabets,所以谓语动词只能用复数形式。3结论排除C,选B 复合主语形式为:N1 and N2(N1,N2为名词) ,例如Sister Xia and Premiere Li are friends.复合主语是两个名词并列在一起,所以谓语动词要一定是复数形式。有时候,你必须要辨识复合主语。下面几个句子中文意思几乎完全一样,但主语架构的不一致导致谓语动词的不同。 这部分我们在前面【句子架构之句子成分篇】里已经提到过了。这里再赘述一次。 Sister Xia and Premiere Li are talking about Molistudy. 名词+介词短语结构: Sister Xia together with Premiere Li is talking about Molistudy. Sister Xia along with Premiere Li is talking about Molistudy. Sister as well as Premiere Li is talking about Molistudy. 学以致用6A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought . A. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thoughtB. claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thoughtC. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analystsD. claims , suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analystsE. claims , suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts这道题正好结合了我们前面所讲解的一些知识,我们通过思维路径来分析。A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought . A. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thoughtB. claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thoughtC. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analystsD. claims , suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analystsE. claims , suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案doing为非谓语动词,不能作句子的谓语3结论排除DEA surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemploymentclaims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought . A. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thoughtB. claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thoughtC. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analysts1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案句子的主语是复合主语a surge and a drop,谓语动词应该用复数形式。3结论排除B 在主谓一致的考查中,题目往往还伴随了对时态的考查,我们后续会重点讲解,这里简要地用思维标签做出一个判断。A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemploymentclaims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought . A. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thoughtB. claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thoughtC. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analystsD. claims , suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analystsE. claims , suggesting the economy might not be as weak asto be by some analysts1思维标签时态2解决方案previously是明确一般过去时间标志词,所以应该使用一般过去式,不能是现在完成时态。3结论排除C,选A 本篇小结讲了这么多,我们来总结一下,主谓一致的本质到底是什么呢? 就是主谓一定要一致!!! 这句话看似简单,像一句废话,背后却隐藏着诸多大智慧。例如,主谓一致只看主语,你就不要再被宾语或是其它的修饰语干扰。 总结一下主谓一致的核心:找到“真正的主语”并让谓语与其单复数一致。 考察:寻找“真正主语”的能力。 谨记:形容词,副词,介词短语永远是修饰语,一定不可以作主语。最后,请原谅我的一再重复,我们用一组经典的例句结结束本篇的讲解。 一组例子Each of Molistudy staffs has a car. 这个句子each是代词,“of Molistudy staffs”是介词短语,作其修饰语,谓语动词和主语each一致。These Molistudy staffs each have a car. 在这个句子里,each放在动词旁边修饰动词,为副词,副词为修饰语,真正的主语是these molistudy staffs,所以谓语动词使用复数形式。More than one staff in Molistudy has a car. More than是形容词结构,修饰名词one staff,真正的主语是one staff,谓语动词使用单数形式即可。More than two staffs in Molistudy have a car. More than是形容词结构,修饰名词two singers,真正的主语是two singers,谓语动词使用复数形式即可。Every 5 Molistudy staffs have a car on average.Every是形容词,修饰名词,5 Molistudy staffs是真正的主语,谓语动词使用复数形式。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录; 三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。