GMAT繁杂世界，关注一个就够了 导语“在扫盲篇中，霞姐强调了把过往“细节化阅读”的习惯转换为GMAT中“框架化阅读”的习惯。那么在接下来的篇章里，我将通过真题带大家一起熟悉GMAT阅读中最常见的几种“文章框架”套路。同时，每篇阅读真题都会配有一定数量的题目。霞姐也会在这个过程中向你讲解应对不同类型题目的策略。 首先我们来看看“新旧对比型”的文章。所谓“新旧对比”，是指一篇文章在开始的时候阐述了一个旧观点（或旧状况），而在行文过程中（往往在前半段就已开始），作者突然笔锋一转，给出与之完全对立的新观点（或新状况）。 对于这种类型的文章，我们要非常明确地知道：从作者的立场出发，旧观点是错误的，而新观点是正确合理的。 特征这类文章，一般都会有以下标志性的特征： 1. 作者在首段就会描述老观点，且通过一些有较强感情色彩的词汇或短语暗示这是“老观点”。这些词汇和短语一般有：traditionally，frequently，assumed，most，many，universally accepted， widely accepted，once believe，common，believed 2. 文章第一段的中部或第二段会出现非常标志性的“转折词”，如：but，in fact， however 转折词是我们的好朋友，它的出现，意味着全文的主旨句将紧随其后，且该主旨句就是文章的“新观点”。大部分情况，它都将出现在第一段或第二段。如果第一段中出现转折，则转折之后出现新观点，为主旨句。如果第一段没有出现转折，转折一般出现在第二段首，第二段首句出现新观点，为主旨句。 所以，新旧对比型的文章行文的套路以及阅读重点是：先提出老观点（略读）转折之后给出新观点（详读）继续论述新观点（较详读） 真题接下来，霞姐将通过下面这篇文章带你一起熟悉新旧对比型文章的套路。首先，你将有60s的时间，使用我在扫盲篇中提到的“框架阅读”，自己尝试阅读这篇文章。 60秒，计时开始！Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’s work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed. 怎么样，60秒够用吗？ 如果你感觉比较困难，你大可不必有挫败感。阅读是一个循序渐进的过程，在熟悉了框架阅读后，阅读速度提升还得依靠词汇积累和长难句阅读能力。而长难句阅读能力的关键点，其实就在于你对一个句子架构的熟练掌握程度。这时你可能会自然联想到，霞姐在 语法-句子架构 的几个篇章中所讲到的内容（例如删减掉修饰语的信息）。你可以回去反复阅读这几篇文章，这对你突破长难句将大有帮助。 所以，霞姐想强调的是 —— 你完全没必要去寻找很多新的“长难句”，来刻意提高自己的长难句解读能力；GMAT语法题本身就是一个个结构相当复杂的长难句，而且在修改语法错误的过程中，你对一个句子的理解必须要无比透彻。因此，如果你发现你在阅读过程中盯着一个长句子，始终很难get到这个句子的重点，你的问题其实出在语法的学习上，你应该把更多的时间投入到研习语法题上。 下面，霞姐就带着大家一起对这篇文章进行一次“框架化”阅读。 Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.第一段落：前后两句话，however表明两句话之间是完全转折关系，前后逻辑相反，转折之后的内容往往是重点，根据Until recently我们可以确定转折之前的内容是旧的状况，转折之后引入新的状况，而新状况则是本文的重点。可判定本文为新旧对比文章。新状况是文章主旨句：such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat. 这句话需要细读。 长难句研习本着认真负责的态度，霞姐决定在阅读的讲解过程中穿插着研习部分长难句，让你回顾一下我在语法篇里强调的几种简化句子的方式。However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.1. 在这个句子中，存在such a vertebrate逆向指代前文内容，需要快速确定其指代的对象帮助更好理解主旨句，可看到前文的vertebrate带着长长的修饰语。such a vertebrate ＝a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees。 2. the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber 看起来非常的复杂，可事实上，这是我们在语法中讲到的 SVO,n. 的形式，后面的 the naked mole rat 是宾语的同位语。这意味着，你完全可以忽略这句话的细节，只关注the naked mole rat就行了，再简洁一些，你只用知道这是在讲一种rat。 经过上面的梳理，你会发现这句长难句（也是全文的主旨句）实际在说：rat colonies is a vertebrate（analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees） society。 我们继续阅读下一段A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.本段落内部句子之间逻辑一致，没有出现转折和否定，则第一句为段落重点句，强调本段落讲述的内容：A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. 长难句研习A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. 当你去掉修饰语和并列语时，你只用记住这个段落主旨句的最核心信息：rat colony is ruled by its queen。 接着，我们来看第三段Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’s work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.on the other hand 表明本段落的第一句话和第二句话之间出现弱转折。而转折之后是重点： differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. 简化一下这句话，信息就是：Differences in behavior are related to reproductive status, body size, and perhaps age. 第四段Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.but 在这里出现在第一句话的内部，可见这句话内部 but 之后内容更重要，同时整个段落的句子之间逻辑一致。所以主旨句就锁定了第一句话的后半句unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breedersrather than by a single breeding female. 由核心句可以发现本段落在关于 breeding 这个主题进行对比。 简化这个主旨句，这一段讲的是most cooperatively breeding vertebrates are dominated by a pair of breeders 强调了一个和文章前面主讲例子 naked mole rats 的不同点。 框架在上文，霞姐带大家把四个段落的主要内容都梳理了一遍，自然而然，我们就得到了这篇新旧观点对比文章的框架： 1第一段：去旧推新关注新观点，全文主旨句，rat colony analogue to eusocial insects society。2第二段：阐述1ruled by queen 3第三段：阐述2differences in behaviors are related to…4第四段：阐述3对比 breeding 所以，你会发现，霞姐所倡导的“阅读全文”从而梳理文章框架的过程只要60秒并不唬人，实际上你在初步需要掌握的信息也只需是以上框架内的。 由于微信一篇文章有字数限制，因此，针对这篇文章的具体题目，我们将在下一篇中详细讲解。 手机上的阅读篇幅有限，霞姐在所有阅读篇章的讲解中也最多只能使用一至两篇阅读作为例子。如果你想通过更多的习题验证霞姐的阅读方法，也通过“思维标签”和“文章框架梳理”去提高GMAT阅读能力，欢迎访问我创立的魔力学院官方网站www.molistudy.com。我们在平台里收录了大量的OG,PREP,GWD真题。更酷炫的是，霞姐团队里的小伙伴们（特别鸣谢产品经理，交互和界面设计师和技术大牛们）解决了重重难题，终于设计出一套让霞姐非常满意的阅读学习系统。在平台上，你将能够获取与干货中所讲方法的无缝对接训练。😃 霞姐GMAT是啥？“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人，原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书，它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经，但它无微不至，试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料，只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法，通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条，但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快，最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐？张海霞，江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师，从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程，强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录；三个月玩虐考研跨考，从北航考入北大，“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨，风趣幽默，自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了，我语法肯定可以全对”。