【霞姐GMAT】阅读-套路2：结论解释型

张海霞霞姐GMAT

GMAT繁杂世界，关注一个就够了

导语

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结论解释型的文章，顾名思义，在文章的开头会给出某个明确结论，而后文都是在对这个明确的结论进行解释。

一般情况下，这类文章会有一些判定的标志词，而通常情况下出现在首段：

套路词汇和短语：

is／remain／appear／become ＋ adj

或是

can，may，should，must，need， can’t 等情态动词（表达作者观点）

主旨句：

主旨句出现在首段的段首句或段尾句。

这类文章的行文套路一般为：

结论➡ 解释结论➡ 评价

而文尾处作者的评价极少是单一的，一般都会又褒又贬。但在褒贬上又会有较大的偏袒性：褒多贬少，或褒少贬多。

当听完这些干知识后，你也许还是很难将它们和具体的文章套路联系起来。这一篇我们少讲废话，直接看下面这篇文章，从真题里体会这类文章的框架和逻辑。

真题

下面这篇文章并不长，给你40秒时间，看看你能否达成我在【霞姐GMAT】阅读扫盲篇中提到的梳理框架的基本要求。计时开始！

During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes. Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women's rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in "gainful and reputable occupations". In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman "keeping house". Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.

怎么样，觉得自己这次阅读的时间变短了吗？Whatever，不要着急，阅读提高是一个需要时间的过程，绝非一日之功。下面请跟随我的思维路径一起来研习这篇文章。

第一段

During the nineteenth century是总体时间描述，后面跟的是主旨句：occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes.

主旨句是GMAT文章的重中之中，必然需要详读。但GMAC的老头们一定会给你设置重重阻碍，例如此题，主旨句是一个恶心的长难句。

长难句研习

但正如霞姐在【霞姐GMAT】语法-句子架构的各篇章里所讲，对待长难句，其实就是一个“去掉修饰语”的过程，例如这里that引导的从句，可以省略：

简化之后我们很快发现本句中出现结论解释型文章的套路词汇：became more detailed and precise（became＋adj），所以接下来整篇文章应该是解释这个结论：到底是如何更detailed和更precise的。

由于这一篇文章仅有两段，所以你对“文章框架”的梳理区分决不能再通过“自然段”来区分，而应该注重更多在段落中节点的变化。例如这道题，你会发现第一段的后半段：

Through 1840为第一个分时间。simple enumeration为关键字，即through 1840的核心内容。

即使你在这里并不认识enumeration（计数，罗列）这个单词也没有关系，你会发现在后文会出现一个重要的逻辑词so that，是一个概括性的逻辑词，表示其后出现的内容将高度的概括第一段的后半段所阐述的内容：

so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

第二段

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women's rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in "gainful and reputable occupations". In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman "keeping house". Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.

你会发现本段并没有出现逻辑上的转折，而时间节点成为了串联几个句子之间的逻辑词。所以可以初步判定，这三个时间段所讲的内容，是在继续解释第一段的结论。

简要概括一下为：

The 1850 census：initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household

until 1870：was occupational information analyzed by gender

until 1890： Overlap between the two groups

框架

通过上文的梳理，我们基本可以确定本文的框架：

During the nineteenth century属于总体时间； Through 1840＋The 1850＋until 1870＋until 1890为四个分时间，文章属于总分形式，第一句为主旨句。

另外根据套路词汇：became more detailed and precise（became＋adj），确定文章应该是结论解释型文章。

总体-主旨

During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women became more detailed and precise

时间节点1：1840

the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

时间节点2：1850

initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household

时间节点3：1870

was occupational information analyzed by gender

时间节点4：1890

Overlap between the two groups

当然，如果你只有一分钟的时间把一篇完全陌生的文章的框架梳理清楚。你可以在细节上纠结的时间花少一些，通过记住几个“时间节点”，以及每个节点的关键信息即可。

解题

梳理完文章框架后，我们来进入实战解题状态。首先，你可以重读一下这篇文章：

During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census-a population count conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to social changes. Through 1840, simple（题目本身高亮） enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women's rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in "gainful and reputable occupations". In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman "keeping house". Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians（题目本身高亮） to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.

第一题

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians

B. compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one

C. describe and explain a historical change

D. discuss historical opposition to an established institution

E. trace the origin of a contemporary controversy

锁定段落

根据题干关键字primary purpose of the passage可以确定本题考察主旨。

锁定信息句

结合文章框架和基本含义知道，本篇文章属于结论解释型文章。结论是文章的第一句，也是本文主旨句：

During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women became more detailed and precise in response to social changes.

比对答案

比对选项，显然C选项最为合适，特别是C选项中的change和主旨句中的change高度对应。且文章确实分成了若干个时间段来讲述这个change过程。

第二题

2. Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the

A. year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender

B. year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the household

C. year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping house was first calculated

D. way in which the 1890 census measured women’s income levels and educational backgrounds

E. way in which household members were counted in the 1840 census

锁定段落

根据关键字nineteenth-century United States censuses发现本题讨论的对象就是原文的主题句提出的讨论对象。

锁定信息句

既然这道题的信息句为主旨句，而本文又是一篇结论解释型文章，这道题相当于在问，选项中哪一个选项，并不属于文章框架的内容，本质是一道文章框架题。

而本文四个时间段讨论的内容为：

Through 1840：the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

The 1850 census：initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household

until 1870：was occupational information analyzed by gender

until 1890： Overlap between the two groups

比对答案

首先，要注意本题是一道EXCEPT题型，也就是说文中提到的内容反倒是我们不需要选择的。

结合选项发现A选项提到的gender正好是1870这个时间段所提到的方面；B选项的individuals是1850这个时间段提到的方面；C选项中的overlap是1890这个时间段所提到的方面；E选项提到的household members were counted in the 1840 census是1840这个时间段所提到的方面。D选项中提到的women’s income levels and educational backgrounds并不是原文所讨论的方面，所以本题应该选择D选项。

Except题

Except题是一种在题干中包含except，询问选项中哪一项不属于其余四项所属类别的题目。这类题目的麻烦之处往往在于，正确选项所包含的信息可能完全是无中生有，而错误选项的信息反而是文章中所提到的。

对于这类题目，确定题干中的“关键信息”非常重要。如果关键信息就是文章的主旨句（例如本题），那么这道题很有可能在考察文章整体框架，你得选出一个并不是框架之内的选项。这就要求，你对框架内的每一个要点，至少要了解这些要点所阐述的对象。

而如果题干信息对应的信息句只是文中的某个句子或段落的主旨句，你搜寻的范围则相对缩小许多。大部分同类的元素都会在信息句里一一罗列，而正确选项往往都是一个无中生有的元素。

第三题

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of which of the following?

A. Women who worked exclusively in the home

B. People engaged in nonfarming occupations

C. People engaged in social movements

D. Women engaged in family-run enterprises

E. Men engaged in agriculture

锁定段落

根据关键字the 1840 United States census可定位到第一段的后半部分（直接通过时间定位）：

simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

锁定信息句

根据题干中的关键字provided a count of which可以更加精准的去寻找文章中对统计的对象（即主语）the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name

比对选项

信息句里的male是关键信息，结合选项得出E选项为正确选项。

第四题

4. The author uses the adjective "simple" in highlight text most probably to emphasize that the

A. collection of census information became progressively more difficult throughout the nineteenth century

B. technology for tabulating census information was rudimentary during the first half of the nineteenth century

C. home-based agricultural economy of the early nineteenth century was easier to analyze than the later industrial economy

D. economic role of women was better defined in the early nineteenth century than in the late nineteenth century

E. information collected by early nineteenth century censuses was limited in its amount of detail

锁定段落和信息句

这道题的题干直接给出了高亮，所以信息句是直接给出的：

分析

这道题不同于一般的定位信息题目，更偏向于“态度题”，即你要揣摩作者在这里使用simple的态度。这类题别无他法，你需要高度理解信息句究竟想表达的观点是什么。当然，有时候借助主旨句表明的态度往往能帮助你理解信息句的态度。

在这里，simple表现出了作者对于1840年census所考虑对象的一个态度，而且结合文章框架信息，1840年，the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals. 同时文章的主旨是讲述随着时间的推移，occupational information about women became more detailed and precise in response to social changes.

你会发现，simple其实正是主旨句中表达more detailed and precise之前并不完善的状态。

比对选项

综上所述，simple应该想要强调的是初期的细致程度不够。正确答案是E选项。

第五题

5. The passage suggests which of the following about the "women’s advocates and women statisticians" mentioned in highlight text?

A. They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who worked in the home.

B. They believed that previous census information was inadequate and did not reflect certain economic changes in the United States.

C. They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of their participation in the antislavery movement.

D. They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if more women were employed as census officials.

E. They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provided by previous United States censuses.

定位段落和信息句

这同样是一道给出信息句的细节题。定位句的完整表达为：

Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.

分析

显然你会发现，这里的women's advocates and women statisticians只是一个举例，她们的目的是 press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages.

比对选项

B选项的inadequate和信息句提到的more accounting对应，且B选项探讨的是economical changes，符合信息句里提到的occupations and wage.

C选项的press虽然与信息句相呼应，但antislavery完全是无中生有，这里信息句在意的是women's occupations and wages.

结语

本篇我们通过一个例子熟悉了结论解释型的文章，这类文章通常是提出一个观点，然后层层递进进行解释，和我们之前所讲的新旧观点文章出现转折有很大的差别。在梳理文章框架时，首先你要细读文章一开始出现的主旨句，然后把握作者行文中几个关键的区分点（例如本篇为时间节点）。

常见误区

在本篇的最后，霞姐决定花一定时间简谈一下GMAT考试“刷题”这件事情。

在我教过的很多学生里，有一批很努力的学生，他们每天都给自己制定了特别多的学习计划，在很短的时间内早已刷完了OG，PREP，GWD，但是成绩似乎仍然没有提高。这些学生而往往渴求获取更多的题量和题库。

事实上，GMAT刷题当然是可以提高你的能力的，可为什么很多人觉得做了很多题，还是对大多数问题模棱两可呢？

原因很简单，在这个市面上，很少有能称之为“系统”的GMAT资料。回想你中学时代学习数学，例如你刚学完了“等差数列”，就可以通过大量“等差数列”的类似习题对这个版块的内容进行巩固，刷题当然是有效的。而在GMAT学习中，也许你在语法中刚看了【霞姐GMAT】语法篇的“平行结构”，或是阅读篇里的“结论解释型”，但当你开始练习时，又回归到了“PREP做几面”“OG做几道”这种杂乱无章的学习计划里，这样你就错过了去不断训练同类知识点习题，找寻做题sense的黄金时机。

在我创办的学习平台魔力学院（www.molistudy.com）上，我和我的小伙伴对于平台上的每一道GMAT题都做了深入的教研，每一个问题都和最典型的知识点关联在了一起，而你在网站上，则直接可以通过“知识点强化”的入口，针对刚刚学习过基础知识的知识点进行直接对应的联系。简而言之，如果你刚学习完了“平行结构”的基础知识，你就可以在魔力学院的平台上集中训练数十道平行结构的真题，来强化自己由抽象思维转换为具象的过程。希望我们的工作能对你有所帮助。

手机上的阅读篇幅有限，霞姐在所有阅读篇章的讲解中也最多只能使用一至两篇阅读作为例子。如果你想通过更多的习题验证霞姐的阅读方法，也通过“思维标签”和“文章框架梳理”去提高GMAT阅读能力，欢迎访问我创立的魔力学院官方网站www.molistudy.com。我们在平台里收录了大量的OG,PREP,GWD真题。更酷炫的是，霞姐团队里的小伙伴们（特别鸣谢产品经理，交互和界面设计师和技术大牛们）解决了重重难题，终于设计出一套让霞姐非常满意的阅读学习系统。在平台上，你将能够获取与干货中所讲方法的无缝对接训练。😃

霞姐GMAT是啥？

“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人，原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。

“霞姐GMAT”是一本书，它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经，但它无微不至，试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料，只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。

“霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法，通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条，但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快，最轻松的道路。

谁是霞姐？

张海霞，江湖人称“霞姐”。

从北大学霸到新东方名师，从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程，强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录；三个月玩虐考研跨考，从北航考入北大，“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨，风趣幽默，自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了，我语法肯定可以全对”。

继续滑动看下一个

【霞姐GMAT】 阅读-套路2：结论解释型

【霞姐GMAT】阅读-套路2：结论解释型