GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了导语“上一讲我们谈到了“删减修饰信息,看透句子本质”,这一讲,我们将介绍句子种类。 全世界的句子无论再怎么复杂,也逃不出三种类型,接下来霞姐就和大家一起探讨这三种句子类型,最终学会以不变应万变。 简单句简单句,就是指一个句子只有一套主谓结构(S+V+O)。比如:Jinzheng’en loves Jinxishan. 我们再来看一个更复杂的形态:Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively. 这同样也是一个简单句,句子主语是humans,谓语动词是have been damaging,for后面的都是修饰成分。 那么对于简单句,命题人会设定一个怎样的陷阱去坑你呢? 通常而言,这个考点非常固定,它就是:宾语补足语 宾语补足语是对宾语(名词)的补充说明,一般只有名词和形容词可以充当。 我们用一个简单的例子来说明宾语补足语最常见的出题套路。 举个例子I consider Tom to be a great leader.I consider Tom as a great leader.I consider Tom a great leader. 请思考,以上三个句子,有几个是对的? 宾语补足语的考点是针对一些“动词”进行考查的,比如这里的consider就是一个典型的后面接宾语及其补足语的动词,consider 后直接接宾语Tom和宾语补足语a great leader,它不能再跟任何的其它搭配方式了。 所以,consider to be和consider as这两个搭配都错误,上面的三个句子只有最后一个正确。 GMAT考试中常考宾语及其补足语的动词有:consider(认为),find(认为),make(使得),call(称为)等。 最后,请原谅我的重复与啰嗦: 看到consider,find,make,call这类常见的特殊动词请一定提高警惕,这些动词后直接接宾语及其补足语。若出现和to be 或as搭配,必错。 学以致用1George Sand ( Aurore Lucile Dupin ) was one of the first European writers to consider the ruralpoor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect inher novels . A. to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray theseB. should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray theseC. as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying themD. as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray themE. legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them运用思维标签的方法,我们先找选项的“不同”,再映射考点到“不同”。George Sand ( Aurore Lucile Dupin ) was one of the first European writers to considerthe ruralpoorto be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect inher novels . A. to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray theseB. should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray theseC. as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying themD. as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray themE. legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them“思维路径”为: 1思维标签宾补搭配2解决方案牢记“consider A B”的结构。consider是一个后面直接接宾语及其补足语的动词,本题未划线consider已经接了宾语,所以后面应该接宾语补足语。Consider as以及to be必错。 3结论只能选E 并列句所谓并列句,就是用并列连词连接两个完整的句子。它一般具备两个特征:(1)包含并列连词:GMAT考试中连接两个完整句子的并列连词有and,or,but,yet;(2)只要是并列两个完整的句子即可,但是对于句子本身什么样,彼此之间什么关系并没有要求。常见的并列句就两种形式: SVO, and SVO.和SVO; SVO.(请注意分号)。 那么,针对并列句,GMAC 老头可以玩出什么花样呢? 在这里,有一个特别高频的考点,名为run-on句型,我习惯把它叫做“追尾句型”。 所谓追尾,就是指两个句子之间没有使用任何的并列连词,直接用逗号连接在一起,就像后面的车追尾前面的车,最终车毁人亡。 简单概括起来就是:SVO, SVO. 一定错误。 例子1I come, I see,I conquer. 很多人对这一句名言并不会陌生,这句霸气且狂妄的话出自于凯撒大帝。部分英语爱好者解析这句话时,会认为这句话的“逗号”是点睛之作,更好地诠释了一种“递进感”。 但请注意,GMAT语法讲究的是绝对化的“严格”,它并不认同生活中口语化的表达方式,或是你常见到的一些so cool的广告词。 所以,对于这句名言,如果中间的连接是“逗号”,则是犯了典型的“SVO,SVO”错误,是一句病句。 例子2我们用下面这个暴长的句子让你更深度地感受“并列句”: Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees andfarming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as theestablishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decadesago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrializationare causing a worldwide ecological crisis. 那么,这个句子到底在并列哪两个成分呢? 这个句子的语法有错误吗? 我们先温习一下之前讲到的“删减修饰语”,对这个复杂句做第一次简化: Humans have been damaging the environment for centuriesby overcutting treesand farming too intensively, and though some protective measures , suchas the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, weretaken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity ofindustrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis. 然后,你会得到:Humans have been damaging the environment, and thoughsome protective measures, were taken decades ago,great increases are causing a worldwide ecological crisis. 这里and并列前后两个完整的句子,为并列句。前面的句子是一个简单句:Humans have been damaging the environment,但是and后面并列的句子是一个复合句(马上我们就会讲到复合句),其中though引导从句,主句是great increases are causing…。所以这个句子在语法上没有错误。 复合句所谓复合句,就是一个主句加若干从句。这里请注意两点:1. 若干从句的“若干”当然可以是0。2. 一个句子要能够真正有资格称作“句子”,就必须有一个主句。 我的很多学生在解读句子时,常常深陷一堆从句之中无法自拔。因为在大篇章的阅读中,我们往往容易忽略“一个主句”这个简单的事实。 那如何用最简单直接的方式去简化从句呢? 无论是你学过的主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,定语从句… 我们会发现它们有一个共同点:从句。 我们不妨把“从句”拆分来看:作为“句”,这暗示了每一个从句,从内部本质来看,都会有一个SVO架构。但不同于一般句子,它之所以叫“从”句,取决于一个关键因素——引导词。 所以,从本质上,从句的架构是:引导词+SVO. 举个例子还是分析之前举例的句子,只不过只分析其中一部分:Though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests andwildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population andin the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis. 首先,我们仍是对原句做一个删减Thoughsome protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests andwildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases inpopulation and in the intensity of industrialization are causing aworldwide ecological crisis. 我们将得到,Thoughsome protective measureswere taken decades ago, great increasesarecausing a worldwide ecological crisis.这就是一个复合句:其中Though引导的是一个从句的修饰主句,从句的主语是some protective measures,从句谓语were taken;主句的主语是great increases,谓语是are causing…。 学以致用2Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year — they are often greenand striped , or have plenty of bumps and bruises — heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. A. Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous yearB. Although heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousinsC. Although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous yearD. Grown from seeds saved during the previous year , heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousinsE. Heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins 是不是感叹这道题的题干和选项实在都太长了?看得你眼花缭乱?但请明白,这些都是GMAC老头们用一堆修饰语给你塑造的“假象”。这一道题,虽然信息量很大,却并不是一道难题。我们还是用思维标签的方法来逐步解析。 1、第一步,我们仍然是依靠我们的老朋友,“删减修饰部分”。Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year — they are often greenand striped , or have plenty of bumps and bruises — heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. A. Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous yearB. Although heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousinsC. Although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous yearD. Grown from seeds saved during the previous year , heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousinsE. Heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins“思维路径”为: 1思维标签删减修饰部分(高亮部分)2解决方案黄色高亮:题干中的破折号中间内容属于解释说明,删掉不影响解决句子架构的问题。绿色高亮:although引导的是一个从句,修饰主句,暂时可以删除不影响对主架构判断。grown分词结构也是修饰语,删掉以方便观察句子主架构问题。3结论这道题看着那么长,其实大部分都是“废话”。 2、去掉删减的部分后再分析句子完整性,这也是你需要在实战中练习的一种能力:虽然很多文字显示在题目里,但你能非常自如地把它们当作空气看待。Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year, heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. A. heirloom tomatoesB. 删没了C. heirloom tomatoes D. heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousinsE. Heirloom tomatoes “思维路径”为: 1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案当我删除了无关信息后,到了这一步相信你已经一目了然,原来选项ACE都是一个性质————这时你基本已经可以确定它们都是错的了。这里错误的原因是:后面已经有主句heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. 所以heirloom tomatoes为多余的名词。 3结论排除ACE 3、找选项B和D的不同和矛盾点。Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year, heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. B. 删没了D. heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins 1思维标签Run-on 句型 (追尾句型)2解决方案heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins为完整句子,未划线heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand为完整句子,两个句子中间没有并列连词。所以这时一次典型的“追尾现象”,就是我们常见的“SVO,SVO.” 必错。 3结论D错,选择B。 从这道题我们也可以发现一个很有意思的现象: 有时候,你通过“修饰信息的删减”,甚至可能将一个选项中所有的内容全部删完。但这并不能说明删完后的选项就是错误的,只要剩下的内容还是一个完整的句子结构,你也一样达到了“句子改错”这个目的。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录;三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。