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【霞姐GMAT】 逻辑-加强题篇

张海霞 霞姐GMAT
2019年12月05日 08:47
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GMAT繁杂世界，关注一个就够了

导语
“
STRENTHEN题，也就是我们俗称的加强题。加强题和削弱题的套路是一样的，唯一不同的就是加强题需要大家选出的选项可以加强文章结论，使得文章结论成立的可能性提高。加强题是逻辑题考查的难点。


在正式考试中，加强题目一般的题干问题如下：
Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest evidence in support of the claim made above?

Which of the following, if true, would most strength the conclusion above？

Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the scientists claim? 

正常情况下，大家只要对于标志词有足够的敏感，就可以快速识别出加强题。
strengthen ，support ——选项支持文章则为加强。

应对策略
对于加强题，我们一般的应对策略和削弱题是一致的。
1
找论点
阅读题干，确定题目需要加强的论点 
2
形成逻辑链
迅速回到文章中，锁定将要被加强的论点所在位置。理清其在文章中前后的逻辑链条，即前后推理过程（一般都是“原因→结论”的推理过程）。
3
选项分析
根据推理过程进行合理的加强，结合选项，选出正确答案。

加强结论的方法
由上面的应对策略我们可以看出，解决加强题的关键两步是“逻辑链”和“分析选项是否在加强结论”。关于“形成逻辑链”的方法，我们会在逻辑篇章里带你一直巩固加强；在这里，我们先来看看，一般情况下有哪些方式是可以加强结论的。

1、无因无果式加强
我们知道，正常文章的推理过程是“原因”➡“结论”，而无因无果式加强相当于一种“双重否定”，这和语文是一样的，双重否定往往会使得表达效果得到加强，即：没有“原因”，就不会有“结论”。

举个例子
时间久了，记忆才会模糊。 
加强：时间不久，记忆就不会模糊。

2、直接加强文章附加前提 
这里的附加前提其实往往就是原文推理过程（“原因”➡“结论”）中的原因。直接对得出结论的原因进行加强，也是加强结论的一种方式。

举个例子
不吃饭就长不高
加强的方式： 
（1）想要长高就得吃饭
（2）长高后就可以不用吃饭
（3）不吃饭影响发育，从而影响身高

3、用文章以外的内容直接加强结论 
从文章之外寻找新的支撑点是加强题答案的一种形式，也是在考试中最经常出现的，但是出现的文章以外的内容一定要和文章结论相关。

下面，霞姐想用一个比较绕口和烧脑的例子来解释这种加强结论的方法，同时也希望你能有一些新的收获。
【霞姐GMAT】为一群已经考过GMAT但是成绩不理想的同学开设了一门专门的辅导课，一共有150人报名。在辅导前，我们统计了每个人的GMAT成绩，平均分为530分。在辅导后，我们继续追踪了这些同学的第二次GMAT成绩，但是有一部分同学的成绩由于各种原因无法被统计，最后只统计了90名学生的成绩，他们的平均分为580分。由于我们统计了超过了一半的数据，所以我们可以得出结论，【霞姐GMAT】的辅导课能提高大部分考生的GMAT成绩。

以下论述里，哪一个能最强的支持以上结论？

A. 参加辅导课后GMAT成绩超过750分的学生达到了10人之多。
B. 杨帆在参加了培训后，GMAT成绩由500分提高到了700分。
C. 权威统计学家给出定论，对于以上这样的数据，只要总体中有超过一半以上的考生成绩有显著提高，就能说这门考试能提高大部分考生的成绩。
D. 在统计的90名学生里，只有两名学生的成绩没有提高。
E.  在没有被统计的60名学生里，大部分人是因为自己分数没有高过600才不愿意透露自己的成绩。
我们通过思维标签来逐步解析这个题目。
1
看题干，确定结论
首先，我们确定这是一道加强题，结论是“【霞姐GMAT】的辅导课能提高大部分考生的GMAT成绩。”
2
形成逻辑链
回到原文，我们整理出逻辑链为：
第一次被统计的学生平均分是530，第二次被统计的学生平均分是580 ➡ 第二次被统计的学生超过了统计总数的一半 ➡ 辅导课能提高大部分考生的GMAT成绩。
3
分析逻辑链
到这里，你会发现“加强题”和“削弱题”有着高度相似的地方，你会发现它们都是在寻找逻辑链里的“弱点”，只是找寻到弱点后，一个是希望暴露这个弱点，另一个则希望是弥补这个弱点。

例如这道题，你会发现一个很大的弱点，论据讲的是“平均的提高”，结论强调的是“大部分数量的提高”，这两个实际并不对等。（例如对于上述该题，你可以假设一种很极端的情况，有少部分的人成绩提高了300分之多，而其余大部分人成绩全部下降了，可每个人也只下降了5分，这样一来，总体的平均水平显然是上升很多的，但大部分人并没有提高。）

A
A选项
参加过辅导课后GMAT成绩超过750分的学生达到了10人之多。

这里只是说了部分个体水平提高，不能加强结论强调的整体。
B
B选项
杨帆在参加了培训后，GMAT成绩由500分提高到了700分。

这属于一个更个体的情况，同样无法加强。
C
C选项
权威统计学家给出定论，对于以上这样的数据，只要总体中有超过一半以上的考生成绩有显著提高，就能说这门考试能提高大部分考生的成绩。

这里给了一个新的论据，但是这个论据还是无法加强结论，因为原有论据并不支持“总体有超过一半学生成绩显著提高”这一论据，所以这相当于一个无关信息。

D
D选项
在统计的90名学生里，只有两名学生的成绩没有提高。

这里相当于给出了一个信息，150名学生里至少有88个人的成绩提高了。当然比原来的论据更有力地加强了结论。所以本题应该选D。

E
E选项
在没有被统计的60名学生里，大部分人是因为自己分数没有高过600才不愿意透露自己的成绩。

这属于一个无关信息。

霞姐想通过以上这个复杂的例子说明加强题里的两个要点：
  1. 对于这类加入新信息的加强，一定要能够组成原文逻辑链里的一环。
  2. 一定要注意“结论”所针对的目标对象，例如这道题是“大部分人提高”，不可和平均水平混为一谈。

下面，我们将通过几道真题，巩固霞姐在本篇里所强调的知识。

学以致用1
The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950’s and 1960’s and reached an all-time low in the early 1970’s. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas. 

Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the scientists claim?

A. DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry.
B. In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972, the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing.
C. Peregrine falcons, like other birds of prey, abandon eggs that fallen out of the nest, even if the eggs remain intact.
D. Starling, house sparrows, and blue jays-birds the peregrine falcon prey on—were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats.
E. Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald cage, and the brown pclican, are found in the same area as is the peregrine falcon.

1
看题干，确定结论
根据题干 strongest support 可判断本题为加强题，加强原文结论，即科学家的观点“The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas.”
2
梳理原文阅读因果框架
The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950’s and 1960’s and reached an all-time low in the early 1970’s. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas.  

was attributed by scientists to 表因果，起前后存在“原因”➡“结论”推理。
widespread use of the pesticide DDT→The decline
The decline 逆向指代The population of peregrine falcons declined
3
形成逻辑链
widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas. →The population of peregrine falcons declined
A
A选项
DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry.

to heavy industry和本文所讨论的范围 in rural areas 范围不相关。
B
B选项
In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972, the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing.

你会发现，本选项明显是对原来的逻辑链进行“双重否定”：逻辑链是used，这里是banned；逻辑链是decline，这里是increase。属于我们讨论的“无因无果式”的加强，该选项为正确答案。
C
C选项
Peregrine falcons, like other birds of prey, abandon eggs that fallen out of the nest, even if the eggs remain intact.

该选项叙述的目标abandon eggs为完全无关信息，和本文讨论的“DDT使用对于游隼数量的影响”毫无关系，本选项错误。
D
D选项
Starling, house sparrows, and blue jays-birds the peregrine falcon prey on—were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats.

本选项讲述游隼的猎物并没有被DDT影响，这和本题所讨论的“游隼数量和DDT使用之间的关系”并没有直接相关性，本选项错误。
E
E选项
Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald cage, and the brown pclican, are found in the same area as is the peregrine falcon. 

Other birds其余的鸟类是否被找到，也和本题的推理过程无关，并不能加强原文结论，本选项错误。

学以致用2
Political Advertisement:
Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.
 
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the advertisement?
 
A. The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.
B. Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.
C. Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.
D. The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide.
E. The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.
1
看题干，确定结论
根据题干most strengthens可判断本题为加强题，加强原文结论“throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger”
2
梳理原文阅读因果框架
Mayor Delmont’s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont’s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide every year since Delmont took office.  So there can be no question that throughout Delmont’s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

这篇的原文篇幅较长，要梳理好因果关系，就一定要从“逻辑词”入手。
Yet为转折词，转折之后为更重要内容，我们直接关注yet之后的推理过程即可。
not only… but表示并列两项内容：
1. more jobs created than were eliminated（创造的新工作比废除掉的工作更多）
2. the average pay for these new jobs has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide（这些新工作的工资比全市工作的平均工资高）
So表因果，承接原因和结论

3
形成逻辑链
more jobs created than were eliminated（创造的新动作比废除掉的工作多）＋the average pay for these new jobs has been higher（新创造的工作薪水比原平均线更高）➡ the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger（平均的薪水在稳定上升）

A
选项A
The average pay for jobs created in the city during the past three years was higher than the average pay for jobs created in the city earlier in Mayor Delmont’s tenure.

这个选项所讨论的时间段并不是结论针对的时间段“throughout Delmont’s tenure”
B
选项B
Average pay in the city was at a ten-year low when Mayor Delmont took office.

这里给出了一种“low”的情况，直接削弱了原文的结论，而不是加强。

C
选项C
Some of the jobs created in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure have in the meantime been eliminated again.

本选项讲述很多创造的工作很快又被废除掉了，这个削弱了原文推理过程的前提。并不是加强原文结论，本选项错误。
D
选项D
The average pay for jobs eliminated in the city during Mayor Delmont’s tenure has been roughly equal every year to the average pay for jobs citywide. 

The average pay for jobs eliminated & roughly equal every year to the average pay（废除掉的工作工资跟全市平均工资差不多一致）本选项可以帮助加强原文的推理过程：创造的工作比废除掉的工作多，同时创造的工作工资比平均工资高，再加上废除掉的工作工资差不多等于全市平均薪水，完全可以加强原文结论，本选项正确。
E
选项E
The average pay for jobs in the city is currently higher than it is for jobs in the suburbs surrounding the city.

市区和郊区的平均薪水高低与本题推理过程无关，并不能加强原文推理过程，本选项错误。

学以致用3
A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed.  After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not.  Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.
 
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
 
A. Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.
B. The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionally and those who were heavy smokers.
C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.
D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
E. The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.
1
读题干，确定结论
根据题干most strengthens可判断本题为加强题，加强原文结论“smoking contributes to depression in teenagers”
2
梳理因果框架，形成逻辑链
A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed.  After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not.  Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry（尼古丁改变大脑化学物质）➡ affecting mood（影响情绪）➡
incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was high ➡ smoking ➡  depression in teenagers（抑郁）
3
分析逻辑链
正如我们前文多说，对于一道加强题，你同样要找到原文逻辑中的“缺陷”。在上面形成的逻辑链里，nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry（尼古丁改变大脑化学物质）➡ affecting mood（影响情绪）是一个叙述性的逻辑，很难有逻辑上的缺陷。

而对于另一个论据，“incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was high”，你发现或许有一个突破口：在做某些试验性的推理过程中，我们认为原因A导致了结果B，但如果结果B也可能导致原因A，就会使得你原有的推论大打折扣。例如该题，虽然吸烟里的人群抑郁的多，但也很可能是本身抑郁的人群才吸烟，导致这个论据不充分。
A
选项A
Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.

本选项中讲述的是：抑郁的人开始抽烟的可能性并不比不抑郁的人开始抽烟的可能性高。这个选项明显的告诉我们depression并不是导致smoking的因素，正好加强了smoking和depression之间的关系只有一个方向：就是smoking导致depression。（消除了原论据的双向影响的缺陷）
B
选项B
The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionally and those who were heavy smokers.

没有出现关键字 depression 相关信息，选项错误，无法加强原文的结论。
C
选项C
Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.

friends or relatives为无关信息，选项错误。 
D
选项D
Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.

没有出现关键字 smoking 相关信息，选项无法提供信息加强 smoking 导致 depression，本选项错误。
E
选项E
The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.

track use of alcohol 属于本题无关信息，本题讨论的核心是smoking 导致 depression，所以本选项错误。

本篇小结
学习完本篇逻辑题的加强题后，相信你会更加认同霞姐在前面篇章所提到的：对于逻辑题，处理的方式大同小异，最重要的是要先理清逻辑链，然后结合逻辑链，选项内容，结论，使用对应题目常用的方法甄别选项。霞姐再次补充几个Tips：
  1. 要重视结论的细节。逻辑题有很多错误的选项与原文的结论毫不相关，你要很有自信地排除掉它们。
  2. 正确选项往往都是针对原因和推理过程作文章。如何加强，削弱，或是归纳，则根据具体题型使用具体方法。


霞姐GMAT是啥？
“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人，原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。

“霞姐GMAT”是一本书，它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经，但它无微不至，试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料，只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。

“霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法，通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条，但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快，最轻松的道路。

谁是霞姐？
张海霞，江湖人称“霞姐”。
从北大学霸到新东方名师，从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程，强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录；三个月玩虐考研跨考，从北航考入北大，“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨，风趣幽默，自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了，我语法肯定可以全对”。
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