GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“假设题,通常要求考生选出让文章成立的必要条件 ,即文章中的“原因”➡“结论”推理过程成立所依赖的前提条件。如果该前提条件不存在,则原文的推理过程也成立不了。 在正式考试中,假设题目一般的题干问题如下。 The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions? Which of the following is an additional premise required by the argument above? Which of the following is required for the conclusion above? 正常情况大家只要看到标志词就可以很快的识别出假设题: assume; presuppose; additional premise; not true unless; depend on 应对策略1阅读题干,确定题型通过阅读题干,确定题为“假设题”。 2确定逻辑链迅速回到文章中,理清文章前后的逻辑链条,即前后推理过程(一般都是“原因→结论”的推理过程)。3结合选项判定根据推理过程,结合选项,选出正确的答案。 选项判定方案既然假设题的应对策略和其它逻辑题大同小异,最后解题的关键都回到了判定正确选项这一步。那如何判定一个选项为正确呢? 1、若选项中有否定词,找出所有否定句,去掉所有的not ,对于去掉not后的肯定句,若在削弱文章,则一定为正确答案。 选项特点:not +其他原因(该原因可削弱文章) 我们可以看看下面这个例子:有脚气的人会一次又一次地重复发作,这就证明了脚气从未被根治过。这个结论出于对以下选项中哪个的假设? A .医学家并不了解是什么导致了脚气 B .绝大部分有脚气的人都没有被药物治疗 C .这些脚气复发的人并不是重复感染上脚气的 这里我们对选项C 取非:重复发作脚气的人是重复感染上脚气的,也就是说脚气也许能被根治,只是容易被再感染,这削弱了脚气从未被根治这个结论,所以C选项是正确的假设。 再看A选项和B选项,取非以后,一个是“医学家了解什么是脚气”,“大部分有脚气的人都被药物治疗过”,不仅没有削弱结论,反倒还一定程度加强了结论,所以并不能作为假设前提。 再来深究一下,为什么说选项特点为“not +其他原因(该原因可削弱文章)”就是正确的假设前提呢? 道理很简单:所谓正确的假设前提,就是如果这个假设成立了,则能非常好地加强结论;因此,当假设变为完全相反的情况,当然会削弱结论。 2、若选项中没有否定句,则“前后桥梁”为答案。 所谓“前后桥梁”,是指该选项与原文推理过程“原因”➡“结论”中的“原因”,搭在一起将建立一个强逻辑。我们不妨看看下面这个例子:因为别人的老婆都有别墅,所以我也应该有别墅。 原文成立建立在一个什么前提上? A .我的老公应该更加努力赚钱 B .我应该努力奋斗 C .别墅应该降价 D .婚姻的建立与是否有别墅有关 E .我应该是别人的老婆 本题可以直接“建立桥梁”,别人老婆有别墅,要保证我有别墅,直接对我和“别人的老婆”搭桥建立连接即可。答案可以是:我是别人的老婆,或者我拥有别人的老婆。 与前几篇相同,讲完基础知识后,我们通过真题继续强化假设题的做题方法。 学以致用1Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. If appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available are produced, this figure will eventually be reduced to about ten percent.The argument above requires which of the following assumption?A. Home-appliance usage would not increase along with the energy efficiency of the appliances.B. It would not be expensive to produce home appliances that are energy-efficient.C. Home-appliance manufacturers now have the technology to produce appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available.D. The cost of energy to the consumer world rise with increase in the energy efficiency of home appliances.E. The percentage of energy consumed by home appliances will increase if existing appliances are not replaced by more energy-efficient models.1确定题型阅读题干,根据标志词assumption很快确定本题为假设题。2梳理原文框架信息Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. If appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available are produced, this figure will eventually be reduced to about ten percent. 找出关键逻辑词和代词。appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available➡ this figure will eventually be reduced to about ten percent this figure 逆向指代Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. 3形成逻辑链appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available(能效是现在两倍的设备被生产出来了) ➡ Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States will eventually be reduced to about ten percent.(家电设备消耗占全美能量消耗的20%,将降低到10%)AA选项Home-appliance usage would not increase along with the energy efficiency of the appliances. 本选项出现not,所以可去掉not当作削弱题处理,not去掉之后为Home-appliance usage would not increase(家电使用量可能上升)这削弱了原文。所以本选项就是原文推理过程建立的前提条件。能效翻倍,想要保证能量消耗减半的前提是家电使用不会增加。本选项正确。BB选项It would not be expensive to produce home appliances that are energy-efficient. 本选项expensive属于无关信息,并不是推理过程要讨论的对象,本题讨论的核心是能效和能量消耗减少的问题。本选项错误。CC选项Home-appliance manufacturers now have the technology to produce appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available. 原文的推理过程建立在能效翻倍的设备可以被生产出来的基础上,本选项继续讨论生产翻倍能效设备的技术已经没有任何意义,本选项错误。DD选项The cost of energy to the consumer world rise with increase in the energy efficiency of home appliances. The cost of energy属于无关信息,并不是推理过程所要讨论的对象,本题讨论的核心是能效和能量消耗减少的问题。本选项错误。EE选项The percentage of energy consumed by home appliances will increase if existing appliances are not replaced by more energy-efficient models. existing appliances are not replaced by more energy-efficient models属于无关信息,现有设备是否被更加高能效的设备替代跟本题推理过程无关,本题的关注点是如果能效翻倍,节约10%能源的前提条件是什么。本选项错误。 学以致用2 In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly. Field studies were not used because they were costly and difficult. Tamarinds were kept caged in male-female pairs, because otherwise, serious fights erupted between unrelated females. On the basis of the fact that breeding occurred, tamarinds were viewed as monogamous.The view taken by the researchers concerning the monogamy of tamarinds deepened on a questionable assumption. Which of the following could have served as that assumption?A. The suppression of fighting between related females serves to protect their common genetic inheritance.B. Adult male tamarinds contribute to the care of tamarind infants.C. The social system of tamarinds requires monogamous pairing.D. Male tamarind monkeys do not display aggressive behavior in the wild.E. The way the tamarinds were kept in cages did not affect their mating behavior.1确定题型阅读题干,根据标志词assumption确定本题为假设题。注意本题提到这里的a questionable assumption暗示本题最终选择出来的assumption并不完美,所以要有一定的缺陷空间。2梳理原文框架信息 In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly. Field studies were not used because they were costly and difficult. Tamarinds were kept caged in male-female pairs, because otherwise, serious fights erupted between unrelated females. On the basis of the fact that breeding occurred, tamarinds were viewed as monogamous. 根据关键的逻辑词,我们可以梳理原文的信息。because require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly(只需要小笼子,繁殖频繁,并且生长快) ➡ small monkeys were thought ideal(小猴子是理想的实验对象)costly and difficult (花费较大且比较困难)➡Field studies were not used(实地研究并没有被采用)serious fights erupted between unrelated females(不相关的雌性会爆发恶战) ➡ Tamarinds were kept caged in male-female pairs(把一公一母关在一个笼子里) 以上全是背景信息,快速滤出关键信息:实验的对象:小猴子;实验的场景:一公一母关在一个笼子里。而On the basis of 承接了本文核心的推理过程。 3形成逻辑链breeding occurred (繁殖行为发生了)➡ tamarinds were viewed as monogamous(tamarinds被视作一夫一妻制) A选项AThe suppression of fighting between related females serves to protect their common genetic inheritance. fighting between related females(相关雌性的斗争)属于与原文推理过程完全无关的信息。本选项错误。 B选项BAdult male tamarinds contribute to the care of tamarind infants. care of tamarind infants(照顾幼儿)属于与原文推理过程完全无关的信息,本选项错误。 C选项CThe social system of tamarinds requires monogamous pairing. The social system of tamarinds requires monogamous社会系统要求它们是一夫一妻制,这并不是原文推理过程成立的前提。原文推理过程在意的是在实验的这种场景下,猴子一公一母发生繁殖行为可以推导出这些小猴子是一夫一妻制。本选项错误。D选项DMale tamarind monkeys do not display aggressive behavior in the wild. do not display aggressive behavior in the wild小男猴子在野外是否aggressive对于本题的推理过程没有任何直接关系。本选项错误。E选项EThe way the tamarinds were kept in cages did not affect their mating behavior. 本选项中出现not,将形成一个逻辑链:一公一母放在笼子里➡ 影响交配行为而原逻辑链为:breeding occurred (繁殖行为发生了)➡ tamarinds were viewed as monogamous(tamarinds被视作一夫一妻制) 因此如果not去掉后的逻辑链成立,将使得原文逻辑的因果产生混乱,必然削弱了原文的结论。 因此,该选项为正确选项。 对于这道题目,很多人会对正确的选项产生怀疑:将猴子一公一母关一笼子,不影响他们的婚配?类似于孤男寡女共处一室,安然无恙——从逻辑上很难说通。这也是为什么命题者称之为“questionable assumption”的委婉原因。可见,任何GMAT逻辑题的选项,你都要尽可能少地参杂“感情”和“常识”因素,否则将直接影响你的判断。 如果你认为我们在讲解中提供的例题数量太少,希望通过更多带有“思维标签”的例题巩固思维路径这套方法,欢迎去我创办的魔力学院看看,网址是www.molistudy,com,那里有足够你刷题的题库,最棒的是每一道题都被打上了思维标签,还有我们团队里的交互设计师为你打造一个了一个非常棒的在线学习界面。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录;三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。