GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“不知不觉就到了语法基础篇的最后一篇了。这一篇,我们来介绍一个叫做“独立主格”的考点。相比之前我们提到的知识点,这个似乎是你最陌生的一个知识点,你甚至都不知道独立主格的定义是什么。霞姐就将带大家从最基础的部分开始,深入理解独立主格。 独立主格的定义所谓独立主格,其实是一种自带逻辑主语的分词短语,它在句中作状语,位置非常灵活。 例如有一种形式为,名词+ doing /done , SVO. 举个例子1Weather permitting, I will go out. 天气允许的话,我就出去。 这句简短的话语中,permitting 自带逻辑主语 weather,没有任何语法问题,这个句子完全正确。 举个例子2That work finished, my father went home. That work 是分词结构 finished 的逻辑主语,没有语法问题,所以这里的独立主格也正确。 因此,独立主格之所以叫做独立主格,是因为其“独立”的一面表现在它与自身之外的内容语法独立,而独立主格只需要保证其内部doing 和done 的逻辑主语是名词即可。 也就是说,上面的例子中,I will go out这一部分不受任何限制,你可以随意表达,只要weather permitting逻辑正确即可。 独立主格的一般形式 (with)+名词 + doing /done /to do此处with可省略,不必要。 举个例子Lucy and Lily went to school, Lucy to study and Lily to play.
常见误区with 在这里虽然可以省略,但一定不可以替换为别的介词。 学以致用1Starfish , with anywhere from five to eight arms , have a strong regenerative ability , and if one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating and growing an extra one or two. A. one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating andB. one arm is lost it is quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensating andC. they lose one arm they quickly replace it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating ,D. they lose one arm they are quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensating ,E. they lose one arm it is quickly replaced , sometimes with the animal overcompensating ,思维标签解析:Starfish , with anywhere from five to eight arms , have a strong regenerative ability , and if one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating and growing an extra one or two. A. one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating andB. one arm is lost it is quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensating andC. they lose one arm they quickly replace it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating ,D. they lose one arm they are quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensating ,E. they lose one arm it is quickly replaced , sometimes with the animal overcompensating ,1思维标签独立主格2解决方案一般情况下,独立主格前可以加介词with,也可以不加,但是不可以是介词 by。3结论选项AC错误 Starfish , with anywhere from five to eight arms , have a strong regenerative ability , and if one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating andgrowing an extra one or two. A. one arm is lost it quickly replaces it , sometimes by the animal overcompensatingandB. one arm is lost it is quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensatingandC. they lose one arm they quickly replace it , sometimes by the animal overcompensating ,D. they lose one arm they are quickly replaced , with the animal sometimes overcompensating ,E. they lose one arm it is quickly replaced , sometimes with the animal overcompensating ,1思维标签平行结构2解决方案一组平行要有一个并列连词,overcompensating 和 growing 两个语法功能相同,算平行结构,需要 and 连接。3结论CDE错,选B 提到独立主格的逻辑主语,这里要强调的是:逻辑主语,一般都是名词性质的对象充当。所以 all 一定不可以单独作独立主格的逻辑主语,我们在【语法-主谓一致篇】里已经提到了这个可能的考点。All 单独是形容词,不可以作逻辑主语。 学以致用2Dr . Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance. A. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each specifically targeted atB. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each targeted specifically toC. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , all specifically targeted atD. seemingly unlimited number of antibodies , all of them targeted specifically toE. seemingly unlimited number of antibodies , each targeted specifically at思维标签解析Dr . Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance. A. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , eachspecifically targeted atB. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each targeted specifically toC. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , allspecifically targeted atD. seemingly unlimited number of antibodies , all of them targeted specifically toE. seemingly unlimited number of antibodies , each targeted specifically at1思维标签独立主格2解决方案该结构与外部语法独立,但是要求内部逻辑主语要对,C选项 all 为形容词,不可以作独立主格逻辑主语。D选项的 all of them 为复数形式,但是分词结构部分的 specificly 以及未划线的 an 都要求其有单数形式的逻辑主语。 3结论CD错误 Dr . Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance. A. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each specifically targeted atB. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , each targeted specifically toC. seeming unlimited number of antibodies , all specifically targeted atD. seeminglyunlimitednumber of antibodies , all of them targeted specifically toE. seeminglyunlimitednumber of antibodies , each targeted specifically at1思维标签形容词2解决方案形容词seeming修饰名词number不合理,在整个考试中,也可以看到seeming直接扔掉选项。3结论ABC错,选E 独立主格的特殊形式 独立主格的特殊形式将特殊在两方面:第一,结构前面一定不可以有介词with;第二,逻辑主语是固定的each 所以特殊形式独立主格的形式如下: each + (1)doing /done (2) adj +介词+名词 (3)介词+名词 (4)名词 如果你觉得有点晦涩难懂,不妨看看下面这个例子: I have many friends , (1)each studying hard . (2)each famous as a star . (3)each with a car . (4)each a student . 这些不同的场景下的独立主格,考点将全部集中在“独立主格内部逻辑主语是否和后面结构的逻辑符合要求”。下面的例题将带你更深入地理解这个考点。 学以致用3India , like Italy and China , has no single dominant cuisine : Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking , with each a product of their regional influences , from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese - influenced Goan cooking of the west , to the more familiar Mogul food of the north. A. with each a product of theirB. with each as a product of itsC. each products of theirD. each a product ofE. each products of思维标签解析India , like Italy and China , has no single dominant cuisine : Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking , with each a product of their regional influences , from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese - influenced Goan cooking of the west , to the more familiar Mogul food of the north. A. with each a product of theirB. with each as a product of itsC. each products of theirD. each a product ofE. each products of1思维标签独立主格2解决方案特殊形式独立主格逻辑主语 each 前面不可以添加介词with,此外独立主格应注意主谓一致。此外独立主格逻辑主语each为单数,所以后面名词不可以是products。3结论选D 常见误区特殊形式独立主格逻辑主语前无介词 with ,如果 each 前面加上 with 一定错误。 在这个基础上,就延伸出一个考点,一旦出现错误率极高:考查这类特殊独立主格内部代词的单复数。 举个例子I have many dogs ,each having its own name.
这里要用its的原因是:独立主格与其之外的对象完全语法独立,所以独立主格内部的分词结构出现代词its只能指代其逻辑主语each,each为单数。这里的its 常常被替换为their 作为干扰项,容易出错。 当然,我们前面已经提到,这种特殊的独立主格的主语只能是each,所以你就有了以下结论:凡是特殊形式的独立主格内部考查代词单复数的,正确的代词一定是单数的its。 学以致用4A different variety of giant tortoise can be found on every island in the Galapagos , each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck. A. each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckB. each with their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksC. each having their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckD. all having their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksE. all with their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck思维标签解析:A different variety of giant tortoise can be found on every island in the Galapagos , each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck. A. each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckB. each with their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksC. each having their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckD. all having their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksE. all with their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck1思维标签独立主格2解决方案独立主格的逻辑主语不可以是形容词 3结论DE错误 A different variety of giant tortoise can be found on every island in the Galapagos , each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck. A. each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckB. each with their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksC. each having their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neckD. all having their own styles of oversized domes and comically scrawny necksE. all with their own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck1思维标签代词2解决方案代词要注意是否有所指代,且对象单复数是否正确,主语 each 是单数,所以要用 its。 3结论BCDE错,选A 结语至此,霞姐GMAT语法篇的基本篇章都已结束。虽然霞姐不能保证,我所讲的这些篇章,能够精准涵盖所有的SC考点,但这些知识点足以应付你在实战中遇到的九成以上的题目。 学习语法是一个枯燥的过程,我尽量让自己的语言变得简洁和生动,但仍然有很多地方,是需要你自己“死记硬背”的。在我完成【霞姐GMAT】语法,逻辑,阅读所有的基础篇章后,我将回到语法部分,针对OG,PREP的真题,以及一些你所关注的“机经题”,通过思维路径的方法对题目进行解析演练。相信只要通过一定数量的习题,反复巩固我在这个系列篇章里强调的知识点,你一定可以在GMAT 考场上游刃有余地“狂虐”语法题。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录;三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。