GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“代词是一种怎样的词?它们又可以指代什么?回顾一下你的英语学习历史,你会发现在自己的英语学习历程中,我们曾用代词指代过各种各样的内容。 在本篇的开头,霞姐希望追根溯源,和大家一起看看:代词为什么会存在于语法体系之中? 代词的英文是“pro-noun”,从英文单词的翻译中,我们就发现代词是用来指代noun,也就是名词的。没错,在GMAT考试中,请抛开你过往学习的语法习惯和准则,在SC题中,代词返璞归真,它只能指代名词,除此之外都错。 所以,你需要牢记的第一点是,代词是指代名词的词,再也不可以指代一整句话。 例如,我们在以前常常会看到这样一句话:My father is a teacher ,which is true . (错误) 这个句子试图用which指代前面一整句话。在GMAT的语法体系中,which作为定语从句引导词,也只能就近指代名词,不可以指代一个完整的句子。 正确的表达是 It is true that my father is a teacher .(正确) 这里使用形式主语传递则非常正确,it 形式主语,真主是 that 从句。 当然,回顾一下我们在【非谓语动词篇】中所讲的内容,which不可以指代一整句话所牵扯的考点,最高频的还是SVO, doing结构下的结果状语。如果你已经忘记这个考点,不妨看完本篇后回到非谓语动词篇温习一下SVO, doing这个结构。 此外,GMAT语法中的每道题目都是一句话,所以在这种特别的语言环境中,你还需要牢记一个原则:同一句话中,相同代词不可以指代不同的内容。 首先,我们来看一下上述原则里所指的“相同代词”的定义:they/them/their算是相同代词;it/its算是相同代词。 例如,在真题中出现过这样的一个语句的一部分:…they can sell them later … 这里的代词they 和them 就属于同一代词,但是从上述这句话的语境中,你可以大致判断they和them在这里指代的是不同名词,所以这句话若出现在SC的真题中,一定是错误的。 当然,有的同学会问,they can sell them later,如果就是真的表示“他们把他们自己卖掉了“呢?这不就符合了”相同代词“的原则了吗?例如,古代的女孩子,插一个草标便可把自己卖了。 对于这个问题,你的担心往往是多余的。英语是一门非常有原则的语言,如果在SC题中,真的要表达一种“卖掉自己“的意思,一定会使用另一种代词,叫做“反身代词”,正确的写法应该是 …they can sell themselves later … 因此,有一种形式是“必错“的:在SC题目中,当主语和宾语是同一个代词,但并没有使用反身代词的情况下,你就可以直接判断选项错误了。 当然,在实际考试中,这个考点常常比较隐晦,往往是句中划线的部分出现代词作为差异点,但是另外一个代词却出现在未划线的部分。很多同学因敏感度不够而未能识别。 学以致用1Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of wood , and the market for paper is growing faster than it is for all major wood products. A. the market for paper is growing faster than it is for allB. the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all otherC. the market for it is growing faster than it is for all otherD. its market is growing faster than the market for allE. its market is growing faster than it is for all other我们还是通过思维标签来解析这道题Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of wood , and the market for paper is growing faster than it is for all major wood products. A. the market for paper is growing faster than it is for allB. the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all otherC. the market for it is growing faster than it is for all otherD. its market is growing faster than the market for allE. its market is growing faster than it is for all other1思维标签代词2解决方案显然,如果这里使用代词it,无法表明是指代paper还是paper production,所以指代不明。 3结论选项CDE错 有趣的是,这道题二次考察了代词这个考点。Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of wood , and the market for paper is growing faster than it is for all major wood products. A. the market for paper is growing faster than it is for allB. the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all otherC. the market for it is growing faster than it is for all otherD. its market is growing faster than the market for allE. its market is growing faster than it is for all other1思维标签代词2解决方案A选项的it将指代the market for paper,指代多余。 3结论选项A错,选B。 代词this /these 这里我们先给出一个原则:当代词this / that / these / those 出现,要求不能“裸奔“。 什么叫做这些代词不能裸奔呢?意思就是,当这些代词单独出现,既没有修饰别人,也没有被别人修饰时,这种情况必错。 对于“裸奔“,最喜欢设置的考点:用代词this/that直接指代一句完整的话。 例如:我们常常见到的After this , after that ......这里的this 和that 就属于裸奔 而如果this 有修饰的对象,则不是“裸奔“了,例如:this car ,this case 当然,如果that 作引导词,完全是可以裸奔的,例如I know that Tom loves Jerry . 下面这个例子将说明“裸奔“的情况。 学以致用2Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without that their grip on Algeria would never be secure. A. without thatB. without it1思维标签代词2解决方案这里的that试图指代Morocco,但是that作代词时不可以裸奔,正确的用法应该是that country,或者直接使用it指代某个国家。3结论选B 代词it关于代词it的使用方式,很多人还只停留在it是单数代词的状态。而it作为单词有什么特征,很多初学者并不了解。 很多人可能会听说过it常常作为“特指“代词。这里特指的意思就是: it指代的就是原原本本提到的对象,从语法层面来说,it不但指名词本身,还包括修饰它的前置及后置定语。
上面的概念说得非常抽象,我们不妨直接看下面的例子:Tom bought a new bag ,and it is red. Tom bought a red bag, and Jerry bought a green one. 对比以上两个例子就可以感受到it 特指的感觉,it 指代前面原原本本的new bag ,而one 只指代名词bag 本身。 所以,关于it的常见考点就是:如果it不但指代名词,而且还包括其修饰语,那么用 it 只指代其中的一部分,这种情况就是错误的。 例如, the core of the Sun 这个结构,如果用 it 指代,则指代the core of the Sun整个整体;如果用 it 指代 the Sun,一定错误。 我们在本篇“学以致用1”中给出的例题其实考察的也是这一点。 学以致用3The name of the building is Capital , and it was built in 1997. A. itB. the building1思维标签代词2解决方案it代词作后面句子的主语,it作为特指代词不但指代名词,还包括名词的修饰语,所以在此处it指代对象为The name of the building,而无法指代名词building。3结论选B 代词that/it我们知道,代词it和that都是单数代词,但在使用过程中,它们到底有何不同呢? 前面讲述代词this/that的时候,我们提到that作为代词不可以“裸奔“。但相反的是,it 往往是裸奔的状态。 例如,我们不会用形容词或其它成分直接去修饰it,就像你从来不会说a beautiful it 之类的。原因很简单:it 特指,指名词及其定语。所以,请让我再做一次总结:it 和 that 的区分点在于,that 仅仅指代核心名词本身,而 it 不但指代名词还包括名词的所有修饰语。 举个例子The GMAT course in Molistudy is better than it in XDF.(错误) The GMAT course in Molistudy is better than that in XDF.(正确)
第一个句子中it 代词特指The GMAT course in Molistudy, 在此处错误, that 指代名词GMAT 本身,而此处需要GMAT 本身。 当然,你还可以记住下面这个结论,这是通过成千上万道GMAT真题总结出来的:当 it 和 that 在同一题目中,在同样的语法位置作为差异点考查,正确的往往是 that 。 学以致用4Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings.A. as being less efficient than inB. as less efficient than it is inC. as less efficient than that ofD. to be less efficient than that ofE. to have been less efficient than it is in这道题虽然不长,但是考点分散,我们通过思维标签来解析。 Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings.A. as being less efficient than inB. as less efficient than it is inC. as less efficient than that ofD. to be less efficient than that ofE. to have been less efficient than it is in1思维标签搭配2解决方案本处考查 regard 搭配用法,和 as 才是正确搭配 3结论选项DE错 Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings.A. as being less efficient than inB. as less efficient than it is inC. as less efficient than that ofD. to be less efficient than that ofE. to have been less efficient than it is in1思维标签代词2解决方案it 是特指代词,指代名词和其修饰语,而我们只需要名词,不需要修饰语。3结论BE错误 Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings.A. as being less efficient than inB. as less efficient than it is inC. as less efficient than that ofD. to be less efficient than that ofE. to have been less efficient than it is in1思维标签being+adj.2解决方案being+adj.结构必错 3结论A错误,选C do it/that/this必错。这里,当你看到提到 do it 必错,很多人还是难以接受的。 你首先就会联想到耐克的广告语:Just do it. 但是,在严格的GMAT体系中,这句广告语就是错的,因为代词只能用来指代名词。而do it这种结构下,it都试图指代一件事,所以必然错误。从严格的语法来看,正确的情况应该使用do so。 学以致用5Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that doing it would reward them for entering the country illegally. A. doing it would rewardB. doing so would reward1思维标签代词-do it结构2解决方案accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants(给予最近的12个移民全额难民福利)这是一整件事,不可以使用代词it来指代,所以这里doing it错误,可以使用doing so。为了方便,也可以记住do it为必错结构。3结论选B 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录;三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。