GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“在正常情况下,GMAT 考逻辑主语都不会太难。逻辑主语的考查往往伴随着分词结构,有时候分词结构会修饰主语,有时候分词结构会放在句首或主语和谓语中间。这两种情况在语法本质上是没有区别的。 doing 放在句首 Doing 放在句首一般作状语,这要求句子主语是doing 动作的发出者。 举个例子Beating Obama black and blue, Xi is happy. (正确)Xi, beating Obama black and blue, is happy. (正确) 以上两个句子都是正确的,这两个例句的区分就是,分词结构一个放在句首,另一个放在主谓之间,从语法上这两种情况的效果完全一样。句子要求 Xi 是动作 beating 的发出者,只要 Xi 可以发出这个动作,这个用法就正确。 看了上面两个例句,考点就自然而然就出来了:如果句子主语无法发出 doing 的动作,那么这种情况就叫作逻辑主语错误。 下面的例题将说明这个问题。 学以致用1Digging in sediments in northern China , scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life - forms emerged much earlier. A. scientists have gathered evidenceB. evidence has been gathered by scientists对于这个问题,你只需明确谁是doing这个动作的发出者。 Digging in sediments in northern China , scientists have gathered evidence suggesting that complex life - forms emerged much earlier. A. scientists have gathered evidenceB. evidence has been gathered by scientists1思维标签逻辑主语-分词结构2解决方案分词结构放在句首考查逻辑主语,digging 要求主语是其动作发出者。而主语只有scientists才可以发出digging动作。3结论选A 学以致用2Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement , the army of terra - cotta warriors created to protect Oin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife is more than 2 . 000 years old and took 700 . 000 artisans more than 36 years to complete. A. the army of terra - cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife is more than 2 , 000 years old and took 700 , 000 artisans more than 36 years to completeB. Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , was protected in his afterlife by an army of terra - cotta warriors that was created more than 2 , 000 years ago by 700 , 000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete itC. it took 700 , 000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra - cotta warriors more than 2 , 000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlifeD. more than 2 , 000 years ago , 700 , 000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra - cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlifeE. more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra - cotta warriors that 700 , 000 artisans created 2 , 000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife这道题看似很长很复杂,但只要对比一下选项,你就会发现每个选项的主语都不同,这道题其实用逻辑主语就能解决问题。 Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement , the army of terra - cotta warriors created to protect Oin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife is more than 2 . 000 years old and took 700 . 000 artisans more than 36 years to complete. A. the army of terra - cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife is more than 2 , 000 years old and took 700 , 000 artisans more than 36 years to completeB. Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , was protected in his afterlife by an army of terra - cotta warriors that was created more than 2 , 000 years ago by 700 , 000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete itC. it took 700 , 000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra - cotta warriors more than 2 , 000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlifeD. more than 2 , 000 years ago , 700 , 000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra - cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlifeE. more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra - cotta warriors that 700 , 000 artisans created 2 , 000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang , China's first emperor , in his afterlife1思维标签逻辑主语2解决方案rivaling the pyramids of Egypt 这个分词结构放在句首考查逻辑主语。这里是要与古埃及的狮身人面像以及玛雅遗迹相ravaling(媲美)的东西作主语,分析一下几个选项,就只有兵马俑和它们是一类了。3结论选A done放句首和doing的情况相反,如果 done 放在句首作状语,则要求句子主语是done 动作的接受者。 举个例子Beaten black and blue, Obama is crying.(正确) 这个句子的主语Obama是done动作的接受者,翻译之后是:被打得鼻青脸肿,Obama在哭泣。 所以,考点也是类似的:如果句子主语并不是done动作的接受者,那么这种情况也是逻辑主语错误。 学以致用3Based on accounts of various ancient writers , scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all female cult. A. Based on accounts of various ancient writersB. Using accounts of various ancient writers这道题的本质就是找到过去分词,然后看主语是否为动作的接受者。 Based on accounts of various ancient writers , scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all female cult. A. Based on accounts of various ancient writersB. Using accounts of various ancient writers1思维标签逻辑主语-过去分词2解决方案Based on 分词结构放在句首修饰主语,考虑主语是不是动作的接受者。Scholars是人,人不能“被基于”,所以此处不正确。3结论选B 这道题,引出了一个非常频繁的考点“based on”,这个词并不像单纯的过去分词那样的简单。在这里,霞姐要把based on作为一个重点单独讲解。 based on 考点举个例子Based on the research, scientists drawed a very solid conclusion. 上面的这个句子正确吗?你会发现,based on是被动语态,要求句子主语是动作的接受者,但是这里我们发现scientists并不是based on动作接受者,明显逻辑主语是错误的。这个句子你要特别注意,是因为我们长久的中文翻译习惯和一些随意的英文使用习惯,会你误以为这样的句子是正确的。 既然我们确定based on是被动语态,在这里和主语scientists的逻辑主语不正确,要表达相同的意思,如何改动这个句子?不妨看看这个句子: Basing on the research, scientists drawed a very solid conclusion. 将based改为basing后,scientests成为动作的发出者,合乎逻辑。这样的一个句子是正确的吗? 这样的改动仍旧错误。你需要记住一个结论:Basing在GMAT语法中是一个不被接受的词汇,换句话说,basing出现在任何GMAT语法题目中,必错。 那这个句子究竟要如何表达呢?解决方式就是你不能再相信与使用base了,用according to 来替换这里的based on。 即:According to the research, scientists drawed a very solid conclusion.(正确) 最后,我们要总结一下base在SC题中常见的考点错误:1. Based on 如果放在了句首,被翻译为:被基于。2. Based on 放在句首,逻辑主语不可能是人。3. “人没有基础”。即使不是 based on 的情况,考试中也常常会出现意思为“某某人的基础”一类的语句,你只需记住,当基础的针对对象是人时,句子必错。常见误区之所以based on放在句首大家会无意识地犯逻辑主语的错误,是因为我们常常本能地把它翻译成“基于”。为避免这个错误,一个好的方法就是你将其翻译为“被基于”,可以很大程度降低错误的概率。 我们再来看一个例子,这个句子摘自于 GMAT 真题:The young man was surprised to find that his experience as a tutor had been used as the basis for the protagonist in a short story written by a former girlfriend.(错误) 这一句话中,你会发现 experience 被用作 protagnist 的基础,这个句子作为错误选项,曾经误导了很多考生。霞姐需要大家辨析清楚这个句子,它错误的原因就是我们之前所陈述的一个观点:人没有基础。 这个句子正确的表达方式应该为:The young man was surprised to find that his experience as a tutor had been used as the basis for eventsin the life of the protagonist in a short story written by a former girlfriend. (正确)这里强调的是 experience 被用作 events 事件的基础。 学以致用4Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750 , they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. A. they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to preventB. they made Conestoga wagons , which had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and floors curved upward on their ends so that they preventedC. Conestoga wagons , with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and had a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventD. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventE. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented这道题比较综合,我们还是先从逻辑主语入手 Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750 , they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. A. they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to preventB. they made Conestoga wagons , which had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and floors curved upward on their ends so that they preventedC. Conestoga wagons , with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and had a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventD. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventE. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented1思维标签逻辑主语2解决方案developed 动作接受者是Conestoga wagons,所以AB选项逻辑主语不对。3结论选项AB错 Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750 , they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. A. they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to preventB. they made Conestoga wagons , which had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and floors curved upward on their ends so that they preventedC. Conestoga wagons , with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and had a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventD. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie , and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to preventE. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented1思维标签平行结构2解决方案and 任何时候出现,都要求自己前后要平行。A选项和C选项 and 前后无法平行。3结论选项AC错 Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750 , they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades. E. Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads , muddy flats , and the nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented1思维标签代词2解决方案这里应该是复数形式的代词,使用they 3结论选项E错,选D 同位语放在句首当有一个名词直接放在句首作状语时,句子主语要是名词的同位语。 我们之前在《语法-that引导的从句》篇提到,只有名词会有同位语,名词的同位语和名词的关系往往是单复数相同,语义接近的。 举个例子Quasars, the most distant observableobjects in the universe, are believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development. 在这个句子里,主语和谓语中间的修饰语就是主语的同位语,同位语虽然跟了很多的修饰语,但是剥离修饰语之后,主语和同位语单复数一致,含义接近。 当然,同位语也可以直接放在句首,上面的句子可改写为The most distant observable objects in the universe, Quasars are believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development. (正确) 学以致用5A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment , Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism. A. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism whatB. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism likeC. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism just asD. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar toE. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what我们还是先从逻辑主语看这道题 A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment , Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism. A. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism whatB. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism likeC. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism just asD. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar toE. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what1思维标签逻辑主语2解决方案放在句首的未划线名词 a leading figure 修饰句子主语为其同位语。所以主语应该是人而不是书。3结论ABC错 A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment , Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism. A. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism whatB. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism likeC. Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism just asD. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar toE. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what1思维标签介词2解决方案介词后面不能接完整句子。like和similar to为介词,后面不能接句子,未划线为完整的句子。当然,从搭配角度,Just as 必须和 so 搭配使用才可以。3结论BCD错,选E 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。